

THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY 

Home Office and Manufactory 
WINSTON BUILDING 

PHILADELPHIA 


TORONTO 
SAN FRANCISCO 


CHICAGO 

DALLAS 


F 891 
. S26 
Copy 1 


HUMAN 
GEO GR APH Y 


J.RUSSELL SMITH 


WASHINGTON 

SUPPLEMENT 


By EDWIN J. SAUNDERS 
Assistant Professor of Geology and Geography 
University of Washington 













HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 

By 

J. RUSSELL SMITH, Ph.D. 

Professor of Economic Geography 
Columbia University 

A new geography series bound in the following editions 

BOOK I. PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES.$1.36 

Two-Part Edition of Book I 

First Part.92 

Second Part.92 

Teacher’s Manual, Book I.40 

BOOK II. REGIONS AND TRADE. 1.72 

With State Supplements. 1.92 

State Supplements can be had separately if 

desired, bound in paper covers.each .20 

Two-Part Edition of Book II 

First Part. 1.04 

With State Supplements. 1.24 

Second Part . 1.04 

Teacher’s Manual, Book II. 40 





























GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


BY 

EDWIN J. SAUNDERS 

W 

Assistant Professor of Geology and Geography 
University of Washington 


WASHINGTON 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


. o , , 

, 0 


PAGE 

History of the State.S. 1 

Early Explorers.S. 1 

Early Settlers.S. 4 

Natural Advantages..S. 6 

General.S. 6 

Size and Location.S. 7 

Surface Features.S. 8 

Climate.S. 9 

General Climatic Conditions ... S. 9 

Winds.S. 9 

Rainfall.S. 9 

Temperature.S. 11 

Water Resources.S. 11 

Natural Regions.S. 15 

General Relations.S. 15 

The Cascade Mountains.S. 15 

The Cascade Range.S. 15 

Old Volcanoes.S. 16 

Glaciation.S. 16 

Climate.S. 17 

Resources.S. 17 

Western Washington.S. 18 

General.S. 18 

Soils.•.S. 19 

The Coast Ranges.S. 19 

The Olympic Mountains.S. 19 

The Willapa Hills.S. 20 

The Coastal Lowlands.S. 20 

Drowned River Valleys... .S. 20 

The Puget Sound Trough.S. 21 

A Rich Valley.S. 21 

Climate .S. 21 


FAGE 

Resources.S. 21 

The Puget Sound Basin.S. 21 

The Columbia-Cowlitz Basin ... S. 23 

Eastern Washington.\S. 24 

Eastern Washington.S. 24 

Climate.S. 24 

Irrigation.S. 25 

Soils.S. 25 

Resources.S. 26 

The Columbia Plateau.S. 26 

The Okanogan Highlands.S. 27 

Grazing and Mining.. . . . S. 27 

The Blue Mountains.S. 27 

Industries. .... S. 28 

Genera].S. 28 

Lumbering.S. 29 

Fisheries.S. 30 

Agriculture.S. 31 

Stock-Raising and Dairying_S. 34 

Mining..S. 34 

Manufacturing.S. 35 

Transportation and Commerce.S. 37 

General.S. 37 

Railroads.S. 38 

The Highway System.S. 38 

Steamship Lines.S. 38 

Trade.S. 39 . 

State Institutions.S. 40 

Education.40 

Population and Cities.S. 40 

Reference Table.s. 46 

Index .«'.s! 47 


Note: The geography of Washington as one of the Pacific Coast states is discussed in FTTTAT \ "NT rrno 
RAPHY by J Russell Smith-Book I p,, 96-110; Book II, pp. 78-117. ReLences^ ma^in thfe? U pp£ 

ment to these books. The section and figure references in the text which are nrefixed hv in +Vi 

supplement, THE GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON. pienxed by an S. refer only to the 


Copyright, 1923, by The John C. Winston Company 


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Fig. S. 1. Looking across Puget Sound to the Olympic 
Mountains from Seattle. About how far are the Olympics 
from Seattle and Tacoma? (Fig. S. 2.) 



GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


HISTORY OF THE STATE 


Map Study: (a) Locate our state on (1) a 
map of the world or globe, (2) a map of 
North America, and (3) a map of the 
United States. ( b ) How could the early ex¬ 
plorers reach the state most easily? (c) Fol¬ 
low on a map the routes by which they 
came. ( d ) How might they come now? 
(e) What people were found here? 

S. 1. Early explorers. — The earliest 
white explorers were probably Spaniards. 
Two years after Balboa discovered the 
Pacific Ocean (1513), some of his party 
launched the first boats on this coast and 
sailed as far north as the Columbia River. 
They made no settlements, and little can 
be learned of their early trips. Sir Fran¬ 
cis Drake, an English explorer, sailed 
along the coast in the summer of 1578. 
He found such stormy conditions in the 
northern part that he was unable to land. 
On the California Coast, however, he went 
ashore, and gave the name “Nova Al- 

(S. 


bion” (New England) to this section 
several years before it was used on the 
Atlantic Coast by John Smith. Nearly 
two hundred years later (1775) two Span¬ 
ish captains (Heceta and Quadra) ex¬ 
plored the shores and inlets and, landing 
on Destruction Island near the Hoh 
River, claimed the country for Spain. In 
1795 Spain granted England's claim to all 
lands north of California. 

Captain James Cook, a British explorer, 
sailed around Cape Flattery (1778) which 
he named, but stormy weather prevented 
him from entering the strait. The reports 
of Cook's voyage and the furs obtained 
from the Indians at Nootka Sound aroused 
the interest of English and American ex¬ 
plorers and traders. John Meares, trading 
along the coast (1788), entered the strait 
and named it Juan de Fuca after a Greek 
pilot who was reported to have discovered 
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ELEVATIONS IN FEET 

above 10,000 

5000 TO 10,000 

_ 3000 TO 5000 

1000 TO 3000 
SEA LEVEL TO 1000 


REFERENCE 

CITIES 

• Less than 5,000 
o . 5,000 to 10,000 
□ 10,000 to 25,000 

O 25,000 to 100,000 
® 100,000 to 250,000 
O 250,000 to 500,000 


PHYSICAL and POLITICAL MAP 

OF 

WASHINGTON 

SCALE OF MILES 


10 20 30 40 

County seats are underlined 
Railroads_ 


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Fig. S. 2 
















































































































































































































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 4 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 




Fig. S. 3. A view of Seattle taken about 1874. The bay in the left foreground has all been filled in 

and is now used for factory and dock sites. (Fig. S. 5.) 



the strait as early as 1592. He also 
named Mt. Olympus and, unable to get 
over the bar at the mouth of the Co¬ 
lumbia, named Cape Disappointment, De¬ 
ception Bay, and other coast features. 

Captain Robert Gray, a Boston trader, 
and Captain George Vancouver, an Eng¬ 
lish navigator, met off the coast of Wash¬ 
ington in sight of the Olympic Mountains 
in 1792. Vancouver, sailing northward, 
explored the coast and discovered Puget 
Sound, Mt. Baker, and Mt. Rainier which 
he named in honor of English officers. 
He spent most of that 
summer in the Sound 
country, naming 
many of the impor¬ 
tant features, among 
them Whidbey Island, 

Deception Pass, and 
Bellingham Bay. 

Gray, sailing south¬ 
ward, explored and 
named Grays Harbor 
and sailed up the Co¬ 


gave the United States a claim on this 
section. 

Thomas Jefferson had long been inter¬ 
ested in the lands beyond the Mississippi, 
and as President in 1803, asked Congress 
to send a party overland to explore the 
Northwest. Lewis and Clark were placed 
in command. The winter of 1804 was 
spent at Fort Mandan, North Dakota, 
where the Indian woman Sacajawea joined 
the party to act as interpreter and guide. 
It was largely due to her that the party 
succeeded in crossing the mountains and 

reaching the Colum¬ 
bia River. They 
spent the winter at 
Fort Clatsop, return¬ 
ing east the next 
summer. 

S. 2. Early settlers. 
—In 1811 John Ja¬ 
cob Astor sent out a 
party of fur traders 
who built a fort on 
the present site of 
About the 
same time the Hud- 
Bay Company 


umbia Rl\ ei, naming Fig. s. 4. Millstones used by the Hudson’s Bay Astoria 

it after his vessel. Company in 1826, at their trading post on Marcus 

His PYnln rations P at ’ Stev fns County. In what valley was this trad- 

expio rations ing post located? What were these stones used for? son s 









GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 5 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 


Fig. S. 5. A view of Seattle taken in 1923 from about the same point as in Fig. S. 3. In 1870 the 

population of Seattle was given as 1107; in 1920, as 315,312. 


established a number of trading posts along 
the Columbia. The most important ones 
were Fort Okanogan and Fort Vancouver, 
the oldest city in Washington (1825). Set¬ 
tlements soon followed along the river 
wherever soil and climate were suitable for 
agriculture. 

Dr. Marcus Whitman started his mis¬ 
sionary work among the Indians near the 
present site of Walla Walla (1836). Mrs. 

Gray and Mrs. Spaulding, who came with 
the party, were the first white women to 
cross the Rocky Mountains. Two years 
later missions had been established at 
Chamokane on the Spokane River and at 
Fort Vancouver. These settlements were 
followed by many others 
along the Columbia and 
Snake River valleys. 

Under the direction of 
the United States Explor¬ 
ing Expedition (1838- 
1842), Charles Wilkes 
reached the mouth of the 

Columbia in 1841. 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 l? 13 14 

Stormy weather caused Fig* S. 6. Calculate from this drawing the total population of Washing- 
.. . . ton at each census since 1860. Urban population includes people living in 

him to sail to the strait cities of 2500 or more; rural population, those outside cities of 2500 or more. 


of Juan de Fuca. Headquarters were 
established at Fort Nisqually. Com¬ 
mencement Bay, Elliott Bay, Bainbridge 
Island, and many other places were named. 
The first Independence Day celebration in 
the Northwest was held from Fort Nis¬ 
qually (1841). 

The first permanent white settlement on 
Puget Sound was made at Tumwater 
Falls, near Olympia (1844). Here a saw¬ 
mill was built, which marks the beginning 
of the lumber industry in this state. 

The Oregon Country was acquired by 
the United States in 1846. Oregon Terri¬ 
tory was formed August 14, 1848. Joseph 
Lane was the first governor. Washington 


Total population in hundreds of thousands and in¬ 
crease in decades by per cents. 

Urban population. 

Rural population with per cent of the total. 



18 8 % 





















GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 


6 



Fig. S. 7. A portion of the harbor and port of Tacoma. The harbor is recognized as one of the great 

great railway systems enter the city, and steamship lines 


Territory was formed March 2, 1853; be¬ 
fore that it had been a part of “Oregon 
Country In 1889 it was admitted to 
the Union as the forty-second state. 

The first highway over the Cascade 
Mountains was begun in 1854, by way of 
Snoqualmie Pass, and was opened in 1867. 
The main state highway follows this route. 
In 1885 the Northern Pacific, the first 
northwestern transcontinental railroad, 
connected Puget Sound with the East. 
Others soon followed until we now have 
four, with extensions north and south to 
British Columbia and Oregon. 

QUESTIONS* 

1. From what countries did the first white 
explorers of Washington come? 2. Who were 
they? 3. Who was the first missionary to 
Washington and what was his work? 4. When 
and where was the first permanent white 
settlement made on Puget Sound? 5. What 
important industry was started in this settle¬ 
ment? 

1. What did each explorer who came to 
our state accomplish? 2. What was the 
Lewis and Clark expedition? Pretend you 
were with Lewis and Clark. Tell of your 
experiences. 3. Imagine you were living at 
Astoria in 1811. Write of the happenings of 
one day. 4. Tell of the work of Charles 


* The questions in this Supplement are divided into two groups; 
those in the first paragraph are designed for the lower grades; those 
in the second paragraph, for the upper grades. 


Wilkes. 5. What part of the United States 
was included in the Oregon Country? 6. Fill 
in the following blanks: The Oregon Country 

became a part of the United States in .. 

August 14, 1848, . was formed. 

The first governor was .. 

March 2, 1853, . was formed. 

Until then it had been a part of .. 

Washington was admitted to the Union in 
. as the .state. 7. On an out¬ 
line or a relief map of Washington, locate 
the earliest settlements. Locate the features 
named by the early explorers and early 
settlers. Give as many reasons for these 
names as you can. 

NATURAL ADVANTAGES 

S. 3. General.—The early explorers were 
surprised at the mild winter and cool 
summer climate of the coast, and at the 
dense growth of the forests, which later 
suggested the name “The Evergreen 
State”. The large and numerous inlets 
abounding in fish for food and forming 
good harbors, the navigable Columbia 
River, the forests of great trees with their 
fur-bearing animals, and the ease with 
which, in the moist climate, vegetables, 
fruits, grasses, and grains could be raised 
on the cleared lands, made living less 
difficult for the hardy pioneers. 

Later, coal beds were discovered as a fuel 
supply for railroads and steamships. The 



























GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 7 





Courtesy Tacoma Chamber of Commerce 

harbors of the world, providing ample room for expansion and deep water anchorage for all vessels. Four 
connect with all the important trading points throughout the world. 














use of electricity has led to the develop¬ 
ment of a small amount of the almost un¬ 
limited water power available from the 
numerous falls and rapids in the rivers flow¬ 
ing from the mountains. These are the 
conditions which have favored the rapid 
growth of the state in population and 
importance (Fig. 7), and upon which the 
state must depend in the future. The 
water power is a continuous resource. 
The coal is not replaceable, and should 
therefore be saved by greater use of our 
water power, the forests must be con¬ 
tinued by careful reservation and refor¬ 
estation, the fisheries must be kept up by 
replenishing the streams and 
by restricted fishing seasons, 
if Washington is to ad¬ 
vance along other than 
agricultural lines. 

S. 4. Size and location.— 

The state is roughly rec¬ 
tangular in shape. Its area 
is 69,127 square miles, in¬ 
cluding 2291 square miles 
of water surface. It ranks 
nineteenth in size, exceed¬ 
ing the combined area of 
the six New England 
states. Compare its pop¬ 
ulation with these six 


states. Is there room for more people in 
Washington? 

One of the reasons for the rapid growth 
and importance of the state is that it lies 
directly west of the lowest passes in the 
northern Rocky Mountains, and, with its 
resources and unrivaled harbors, is the 
natural outlet for the railroads using these 
passes. It is also the nearest shipping 
point in the United States to Alaska and 
to the Orient. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What parallel forms the northern bound¬ 
ary of Washington? 2. What is the latitude 
of the most southern part of our state? 

3. Measure the state’s greatest 
and least width. 4. Between 
what meridians is it located? 

5. Measure its greatest length. 

6. What is the land area 

of Washington? (Reference 
Table S. I.) 7. Name and 

locate on the map four large 
bays or inlets from the 
Pacific Ocean. 

1. In an automobile travel¬ 
ing 20 miles an hour, how 
long would it take to go from 
Spokane to Seattle? 2. From 
Seattle to Hoquiam? 3. From 
Vancouver to Blaine? 4. How 
does Washington compare in 
size with the largest state of 
the Union? the smallest state? 



Fig. S. 8. This map gives us some 
idea of the relative size of Wash¬ 
ington. Compare the population 
(APP. II) of the above states. 
Could Washington, with profit to 
herself, support more people? 


















CxEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 8 





Courtesy S. Shedd, Wash. Agr. Col. and School of Science 


Fig. S. 9. A photograph of a relief model of Washington. Name the regions into which our state is 
divided. In which region do you live? Locate and name five mountain peaks; four large cities. 


the other Pacific States? 5. Compare in 
size with France, Italy, Switzerland, Great 
Britain. 6. Look up the population of these 
countries and compare with our state. 
7. What city is nearest the center of the 
state? 8. In what time belt is Washington 
located? 9. When it is noon here, what is 
the time in Washington, D. C.? in Chicago? 
in Denver? in England? in Japan? 

S. 5. Surface features.—Let us next look 
at the general surface features of the 
state. The differences in elevation are 
very striking. The mountains all rise 
from sea level, so that one can go, in a 
short distance, from the seashore to an 
elevation of over 14,000 feet. (Fig. S. 9.) 
In general, however, the difference in level 
is about 7000 feet, which is more than 
twice as high as the Appalachian Moun¬ 
tains. The mountain ranges or highlands 
extend nearly north and south across the 
state, and are separated by troughs or 
basins. (Fig. S. 9.) Starting on the 
west side, we. have the Coast Ranges, 


then comes the broad Puget Sound 
Trough, next the high Cascade Moun¬ 
tains with their snow-capped peaks, then 
the extensive Columbia Plateau or Basin, 
and, on the east side, the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains rising gradually in several distinct 
units. Although a disadvantage in many 
respects, this irregularity of surface has 
been an advantage in causing a great 
variety of climate, soil, and industry, thus 
attracting people from different sections, 
and it has placed Washington among the 
foremost states in water power resources. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Write a letter telling a friend about a 
trip from Grays Harbor to Spokane, giving 
the points of interest' to be seen. 

1. On an outline map of Washington, 
sketch in the physical divisions of our state. 
2. Note the relations of these features to the 
larger divisions of the Pacific Coast. (Book 
II, Fig. 91.) 3. In each of the divisions on 

your map, locate the chief cities. 









GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. y 



Fig. S. 10. This map shows the average annual distribution of rainfall in Washington. What area 
receives the greatest rainfall? the least? Why? How much rainfall is received in the Puget Sound Basin? 
in the Columbia-Cowlitz Basin? in the Olympics? in your own county, town, or city? 


CLIMATE 

S. 6. General climatic conditions.—The 
climate of Washington is a great attrac¬ 
tion to those who come from the more 
rigorous and extreme climates of the in¬ 
terior. The position of the state on the 
windward coast explains the fact that the 
climate in general is more equable than in 
interior states in the same latitude. How¬ 
ever, there is a very great diversity in 
climatic conditions in different parts of 
the state, on account of the great vari¬ 
ations in altitude, and the fact that the 
mountains lie across the path of the pre¬ 
vailing winds. What would the climate 
be if the Cascade Mountains ran east and 
west through the central part of the 
state? 

S. 7. Winds.—In general the winds of 
the state are from the west, but the sur¬ 
face features and the passing of cyclonic 
storms cause variations in direction, veloc¬ 
ity, and' temperature of the winds. 


(Book II, Secs. 59-71.) Winds from the 
north and east cause the cold spells in 
winter. East winds usually accompany 
the brief warm spells in the summer. A 
warm rain-producing wind from the south¬ 
west is called the “chinook” in western 
Washington. The true chinook blows 
from the Cascade Mountains over eastern 
Washington as a warm dry wind causing 
rapid melting of snow and ice and rapid 
evaporation of moisture. (Sec. S. 15 and 
Book II, Sec. 94.) 

The western lowlands directly exposed 
to the winds from the Pacific Ocean have 
a climate which is moist and warm in 
winter, but dry and cool in summer. The 
eastern section, shut off in part from the 
ocean influence, has cooler winters and 
warmer summers, and much less rainfall 
than the western * section. The higher 
mountain sections show arctic conditions 
with perpetual snow. 

S. 8. Rainfall.—The rainfall map (Fig. 














































































































































































































S. 10 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 10) re¬ 
sembles the 
relief map 
because the 
north and 
south rain 
belts are due 
to the relief 
features. A 
large area 
along the 
coast with 
an annual 
rainfall of 
over 60 
inches is 
known as 
the Coastal 
Wet Belt. 

In the 
Olympic Mountains some distance above 
sea level, the rainfall is over 140 inches 
a year, the greatest in the United States. 
On the western slope of the Cascade 
Mountains is the Cascade Wet Belt, 
with rainfall over 60 inches. More snow 
falls here than in the Coast Ranges. 
The belt between the Coast Ranges 
and the Cascades, with aruannual rainfall 
of 20 to 60 inches, is known as the 
Puget Sound Moist Belt. The low 
summer rainfall in this belt makes irri¬ 
gation necessary for best results with 


late summer 
fruits and 
vegetables. 

As the air 
moves down 
the eastern 
slope of the 
Cascades and 
out over the 
Co 1 u m b i a 
River Basin, 
the rainfall 
rapidly de¬ 
creases from 
60 to 20 
inches. Thus 
there is a 
narrow moist 
belt along 
this leeward 
slope, but the whole central part of the 
state has less than 20 inches of pre¬ 
cipitation, much of which is snow. A 
large area in the south-central part of 
the Central Dry Belt has less than 10 
inches a year, and is called the Columbia 
Basin Arid Belt. In this area, formerly 
a sagebrush plain (Fig. S. 31), successful 
farming cannot be carried on without 
irrigation. Dry farming is successful in 
higher parts of the dry belt where the 
rainfall is between 12 and 20 inches, and 
where spring rainfall is more abundant. 

Along the eastern border of the state, 
where the elevation causes ascent of air 
again, the precipitation increases to more 



IIIIIIII HI IIIIIIII 


iiiiininio 



Tatoosh. Aberdeen. Seattle. Spokane. Walla Walla. 

Fig. S. 12. The average monthly rainfall and temperature at five recording stations in Washington The 
figures at the left of each chart show rainfall in inches; at the right, temperature in degrees Fahrenheit 
The heavy vertical lines indicate the average number of inches of rain per month The curved lines 

indicate the average monthly temperature. 



Fig. S. 11. Compare the January and July temperatures in your county. 
What is the average annual range? Where in Washington do the lowest 
winter temperatures occur? where the highest? Why? What is the 

lowest at your home? 







































































































































































































































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 11 



Fig. S. 13. These maps represent the average dates of frosts in the spring and fall. How late in the 
spring may you expect frost that will kill vegetables and blossoms in your section of the state ? how early 
in the fall? Where in the state is the growing season the longest? the shortest? Why? 


than 20 inches annually, and in the Blue 
Mountains it is as high as 40 inches. 
Thus we have an Eastern Moist Belt. 

In the wet and moist belts and even in 
the higher parts of the Central Dry Belt, 
where the rainfall is about 20 inches an¬ 
nually, there is a good growth of timber 
which has made Washington the foremost 
lumber state. 

Washington as a whole has a wet winter 
season with more than half of the total* 
precipitation (rain and snow) in four 
months—November to February inclusive 
—and very little rainfall in July and 
August. This is caused by the numerous 
cyclonic storms of the winter months, and 
by the fact that the low temperature of 
the land favors condensation of the mois¬ 
ture carried by the warm, southerly winds 
from the Pacific Ocean. 

S. 9. Temperature.—The western part, 
due to oceanic influence, has an even 
temperature, not very low in winter or 
very high in summer. (Fig. S. 11.) The 
Cascade Mountains protect it from the 
east winds, which are cold in winter and 
warm in summer, thus aiding the ocean 
winds in producing moderate temperatures. 
Eastern Washington has colder winters 
and warmer summers, as it is shut off 
from the oceanic influence. By what 
barrier? But the mountains of British 
Columbia and Idaho furnish a slight pro¬ 
tection from the north and east winds, 


and thus the extremes of temperature are 
not so great as in states farther east. 
The average difference between summer 
and winter temperatures in western Wash¬ 
ington is about 25 degrees, and the tem¬ 
perature is seldom below zero or above 90 
degrees. The average difference in eastern 
Washington is about 45 degrees, although 
the temperature often goes to 30 degrees 
below zero and as high as 110 degrees 
above zero. 

The number of days without killing 
frosts, or the growing season, is from 200 
to 250 days in the western section, and 
about 120 to 170 days in the eastern 
section. (Fig. S. 13.) 

QUESTIONS 

1. From what direction do the prevailing 
winds of Washington blow? 2. How do the 
winds affect the temperature conditions over 
the coast in summer? in winter? 3. The 

rainfall in Seattle (Fig. S. 10) is . per 

year, coming mostly in . (Fig. S. 12.) 

1. Why is the ocean warmer than the 
land in winter but cooler in summer? (Book 
II, Sec. 409.) 2. Why do the winds from 

the ocean yield more rain in winter than in 
summer? (Book II, Secs. 155 and 156.) 
3. Account for the heavy rain belts and light 
rain belts shown in Fig. S. 10. 4. Why does 

the rainfall map resemble the relief map 
(Fig. S. 9) of the state? 5. Where in the 
state do we get the most snowfall? Why? 

S. 10. Water resources.—The drainage 
of the state passes to the Pacific Ocean 
through three drainage basins—the Co- 




























































S. 12 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 14. Washington leads the states in the possibilities for water power development. Figs. S. 2 and 
S. 9 give two reasons for this. Some of the more important water-power plants now in operation are shown 
on this map. Find the one nearest your home. Which rivers in our state are considered navigable for trade? 


lumbia River Basin, the Puget Sound 
Basin, and the Coastal Lowlands. 

Through the lava plateau and low ridges 
bordering the Cascades, the Columbia 
River has cut a deep canyon with nu¬ 
merous falls and rapids. Even when the 
Cascade Range was uplifted across its 
path, this great river kept its course and 
cut an immense gorge notable for its 
magnificent scenery. Numerous small 
tributary streams cascade down the steep 
canyon walls to join the river’s swirling 
waters, which are still cutting their way 
deeper into their rocky bed. Canals at 
the Cascades and above the Dalles enable 
steamers to go as far as Priest Rapids. 
(Fig. S. 16.) Navigation is interrupted 
above this point by numerous rapids, but 
in high water boats can run from Wenat¬ 
chee to the Okanogan River. About 750 
miles of the river is navigable. Terraces 
along the river are good agricultural land. 
Below the gorge, swampy flood plains and 


lowlands border the river. Trace the Co¬ 
lumbia and its branches to their sources. 

During the glacial period, the ends of 
several large glaciers filled the “Big 
Bend” of the Columbia Valley, and the 
river was forced to cut a channel across 
the lava plateau. Falls larger than 
Niagara existed in this canyon, and deep 
basins were dug in its bed. Numerous 
lakes, many with no outlets, still occupy 
these hollows, as in the main old channel 
known as the Grand Coulee. Other old 
drainage channels, also called coulees, are 
occupied by small streams or lakes. (See 
Figs. S. 2 and S. 14.) 

The Snake River, the largest tributary 
of the Columbia, is navigable to Lewis¬ 
ton, Idaho, 150 miles. Above this point 
it flows for many miles through a narrow 
canyon over a mile deep, and is very 
swift and treacherous. 

The Okanogan, the Methow, and the 
Sanpoil, in almost parallel valleys, are 
























































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 13 



© Ewing Galloway, N. Y. 

Fig. S. 16. A river steamer leaving the Cascade locks and entering the 
rapids in the Columbia River on its way westward to the sea. 


northern tributaries. The 
Okanogan and the Me- 
thow, with large valley 
flats, have been changed 
from pastoral valleys to 
rich orchard land by the 
large government irrigation 
projects. 

Lake Chelan, 50 miles 
long, 1500 feet deep, and 
nowhere wider than 2 miles, 
is held 400 feet above the 
Columbia River by a gla¬ 
cial barrier in the lower 
end of a former river val¬ 
ley. Chelan Falls below 
the lake furnish abun¬ 
dant power for the sur¬ 
rounding country. Ste- 
hekin and other falls at 
the head of the lake may be used later. 

The Spokane River flows in a broad 
flat valley until it reaches Spokane, where, 
having cut through the gravel filling of 
the valley, it has come upon a hard ledge 
of lava rock over which it falls in a 
series of beautiful cascades. These and 
other falls along the river yield abundant 
power for the “Inland Empire”. About 
175,000 horse power of a possible 300,000 


horse power is developed. What is the 
source of the Spokane River? (Fig. S. 2.) 

The Wenatchee River, with a natural 
reservoir in Lake Wenatchee, has eroded 
a broad, low-grade (gently sloping) valley 
in the heart of the Cascades. Its valley 
flat is one of the important fruit-growing 
sections of the state. Several power 
plants are located along its course. What 
railroad follows the valley? 

The Yakima River, the 
largest eastward flowing 
tributary of the Colum¬ 
bia, has its source in 
three large lakes—Kee- 
chelus, Kachess, and Cle 
Elum—formed in almost 
parallel glacial valleys. 
The capacity of each one 
of these has been in¬ 
creased by a dam. Abun¬ 
dant water is thus provided 
for irrigating the fertile 
lands in the Yakima Val¬ 
ley. Excellent farm and 
orchard lands occur in 
basins separated by low 
ridges of folded-up lava 
rock, and large quantities 



Photo Brown Bros. 


Fig. S. 15. A view of the Columbia River in the lava plateau section of 

eastern Washington. 










S. 14 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 




up a part of Puget Sound 
behind a former island, re¬ 
sulting in the Duwamish- 
Puyallup and Black River 
valley flats. The streams 
draining the north and east 
slopes of the Olympics are 
all short and swift, and 
afford many good power 
sites. The Elwha has a 
well-developed flat. Its low- 
grade valley is a pass into 
the heart of the Olympics. 

The Pacific slope in¬ 
cludes many minor coastal 
streams. Chehalis River 
is the largest in this area. 
It is navigable to the head 
of tidewater at Montesano, 
and since it flows through 

© Ewing Galloway, N. Y. . . . , ... 

Fig. S. 17. Long Lake power plant on the Spokane River near Spokane. a rich lumber and agncul- 

This is one of the highest spillway dams in our country, 153 feet to the tural district its laro-p es- 

crest. The force of the water falling through the huge pipes is converted , . ’ , f 5 , 

into electricity in the power house. Be sure you find the pipes and the tuary IS an important liar- 

power house in the picture. bor. The Willapa and 

of fruit and other products are shipped several small streams drain into Willapa 


each year. Power plants along the main 
stream or tributaries furnish electricity for 
local use. What railroads follow this 
valley? 

The rivers of Puget Sound Basin 
draining the western slope of the Cascade 
Range have their sources in the snow 
fields and glaciers of Mount Rainier, Gla¬ 
cier Peak, Mount Baker, and minor peaks 
of the range. Their short, steep valleys 
have been strongly glaciated, and they 
have many falls and rapids. Power plants 
have already been installed on the larger 
rivers, but much more power is still avail¬ 
able. From the steep mountain valleys 
the rivers come to their lower courses 
loaded with silt, and have built broad 
flood plains along their valleys and large 
deltas at their mouths. The Skagit River 
has the largest drainage basin and has 
formed the largest alluvial deposits. It is 
navigable for sixty miles through this 
broad flat. The Cedar, Green, White, and 
Puyallup rivers have combined in filling 


Bay from the Willapa Uplands. The 


>7W: 




i Koto. Brown Bros. 

Fig S. 18. Snoqualmie Falls, about 30 miles east 
of Seattle, are famous for their beauty. As the water 
has a sheer drop of 268 feet, they contain great 
possibilities for hydroelectric power. 












GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 15 



Photo. Ewing Galloway 


Fig. S. 19. A new 3000-volt, 265-ton electric locomotive pulling a C., M. 
& St. P. transcontinental train in the Cascade Mountains, Washington. 


Quinault, Hoh, Queets, and 
Soleduck drain the west¬ 
ern slopes of the Olympics, 
and may later be used as 
transportation routes into 
the heart of this little 
known country. 

One of the greatest re- . 
sources of the state is the 
water power, which it is 
possible to develop from 
the streams and lakes with 
proper storage facilities and 
equipment. Less than 10 
per cent of the available 
power has been developed, 
and is now being used for 
lighting, heating, to run 
electric cars, and for man¬ 
ufacturing. Recently the 
Chicago, Milwaukee and 
St. Paul Railroad electrified its road through 
the state. (Fig. S. 19.) Most of the falls 
and places favorable for water storage we 
owe to the work of the glaciers in the 
mountain valleys. 

Many other conditions and resources are 
natural advantages of the state, but they 
will be considered in the region in which 
they are most important. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Name the three large drainage basins of 
the state. 2. How do the rivers build up 
good agricultural land? 3. Locate and name 
the important lakes in our state. 4. What 
important uses do we make of them at 
present? 

1. On an outline map of Washington locate 
and name the chief drainage divides, the 
large rivers, and mark the navigable parts 
of each river. 2. How were our larger lakes 
formed? 3. How did the glaciers form the 
numerous falls and cascades along the rivers? 

NATURAL REGIONS 

S. 11. General relations. — The most 
striking relief feature of the state, and one 
of the most important geographically, is 
the Cascade Mountains. (See the relief 
map, Fig. S. 9.) This range, 50 miles 


wide at the Columbia River and 125 
miles wide at the international boundary, 
divides the state into two sections—west¬ 
ern and eastern Washington. The cli¬ 
mate, industries, occupations, and interests 
of the people in these two sections are so 
different that a division of the state has 
frequently been considered. Why are the 
two parts so different? 

Each of these larger parts is again sub¬ 
divided into smaller natural regions. The 
western section includes the Puget Sound 
Basin and the Columbia-Cowlitz Valley, 
the Coast Ranges, and the Coastal Low¬ 
lands. The eastern section is made up 
of the Columbia Plateau,, the Okanogan 
Highlands, and the Blue Mountains. 

THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS 

S. 12. The Cascade Range extends from 
California to British Columbia. The great 
network of valleys and ridges now present 
is the result of rain, river, and glacial 
erosion since the range was uplifted. 
From the higher peaks one can see the 
general elevation of the mountain crest at 
5000 to 7000 feet above sea level. Many 
peaks rise much higher, and a number of 














S. 16 GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 


Fig. S. 20. Mt. Rainier, the second highest peak in the United 
States, one of America’s playgrounds. The stream of ice is 
Nisqually Glacier. How many large glaciers like this are on the 
mountain? Acres of flowers make up Paradise Park. Compare 
this view of the mountain with the one from Puyallup Valley. 

(Fig. S. 21.) 


passes are cut as low as 3200 feet. These 
passes were originally used by the rail¬ 
roads before they bored tunnels at lower 
elevations. The wonderful Columbia 
River canyon is a natural passageway for 
boats, with only two short canals. (Sec. 
S. 10; Fig. S. 16.) Two railroads and the 
Columbia Highway follow this low level 
route from the interior to the coast. 
What is the reason for the two canals? 
Locate them on the map, Fig. S. 2. 
The lower passes are still used by other 
highways across the state. 

S. 13. Old volcanoes. —Many of the 
higher peaks of the range are hard granite 
knobs that have withstood erosion for 
centuries, but the highest peaks are the 
five snow-capped volcanic cones that were 
built up during and after the uplift of the 
range. While of recent formation, these 
volcanoes are now considered dormant. 
Why not extinct? Locate them on the 
map, Fig. S. 2. 

Mount Rainier (Fig. S. 2), 14,408 feet 
high, rises 7000 feet above the surround¬ 
ing mountains, and carries on its furrowed 
slopes thirteen large glaciers leading from 
the immense snow cap to the deeply 


eroded valleys below. Its gla¬ 
ciers, lakes, cascades, canyons, 
and parks of wild flowers make 
it one of the beauty spots o 
America. To protect these and 
the wonderful forests about it, 
the United States Government 
has set aside the Mount Rainier 
National Park. Easy of access 
by train and automobile from 
Tacoma and other Sound cities, 
the park is visited by thousands 
of tourists every year. 

The other old volcanoes are 
Mount Baker, 10,750 feet, with 
seven large glaciers, easily reached 
from Bellingham; Glacier Peak, 
10,436 feet, snow capped with 
small radiating glaciers; Mount 
Adams, 12,307 feet, with several 
large glaciers, seen from Yakima; 
and Mount St. Helens, 9671 feet, snow 
capped, and showing the latest signs of 
volcanic activity. The latter two, with 
Mount Hood in Oregon, are spoken of as 
"The Guardians of the Columbia”. 

S. 14. Glaciation.—The ice age came a 
long time after the Cascades had been 
pushed up. It came after the building 
of the volcanic cones, and even after the 
erosion of the whole mountain mass bv 
rivers had begun. The mountain valleys 
were filled with the deep snows which 
changed to ice, forming large glaciers in 
practically all of the valleys on both sides 
of the range. These were even larger than 
the Nisqually Glacier shown in Figure S. 20. 
The great, slow-crawling glaciers broad¬ 
ened and gouged the old valleys deeper, 
and built dams of sand, gravel, and boul¬ 
ders. In the deepened valleys behind the 
barriers, many lakes formed after the ice 
had melted away. The larger lakes now 
form important reservoirs in which water 
for city use, electric power, and irrigation 
is stored. Many smaller lakes and nu¬ 
merous waterfalls now used for power re¬ 
sulted from the glaciation of the moun¬ 
tain valleys. 







GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 17 


The larger glacial lakes 
are in the lower parts of 
these valleys, while smaller 
ones are near the head¬ 
waters, and many small 
glaciers and snow fields 
still exist at the heads of 
these valleys. One of the 
most beautiful and largest 
of these lakes is Chelan. 

It is one of the deepest 
lakes in the world. Why 
is it well adapted for water 
power? (Sec. S. 10.) 

Keechelus, Kachess, Cle 
Elum at the head of the 
Yakima Valley, Wenatchee 
at the head of the Wenat¬ 
chee River, and Cedar on 
the west side, are other 
larger lakes which are be- 

ing used, their capacity . Photo. Asahei Curtis 

being increased by artifi- Fig. S. 21. A berry field in the Puyallup Valley. Hundreds of acres 
cial dams similar to this are found in this valley. Is this land irrigated? What 

S. 15. Climate.—In Sec- 



mountain is in the background? What river built this flat? 


tions S. 6 to 9 you learned the effect of 
the Cascade Mountains on the climate of 
the state. The moisture-laden winds 
from the Pacific Ocean, forced to ascend 
in passing over the mountains, become 
cooler, and heavy rainfall and snowfall re¬ 
sult on both slopes of the range, but 
with more on the west or windward slope 
than on the east or leeward slope. The 
reason for this difference is that the air 
in descending on the leeward slope is 
warmed, and consequently can hold more 
moisture, so that eastern Washington has 
a much lower rainfall than western Wash¬ 
ington. (See Book II, Secs. 155 and 156.) 

S. 16. Resources.—The Cascades are 
also important for the share they con¬ 
tribute to the industrial development of 
the state. Some of the state's best timber 
is found on both slopes of the range. 
Numerous animals still inhabit the for¬ 
ests, and fish are still abundant in the 
streams that are not too easily reached 
from the cities. Deposits of mineral, 


gold, silver, copper, and lead are found 
in small quantities in the older rocks, 
while coal is found along the bordering 
foothills. The silt carried down from the 
Cascades by the rivers has served to 
build up some of the richest agricultural 
land in the state. What use does man 
make of the streams, lakes, and waterfalls? 

QUESTIONS 

1. On the waterways map, Fig. S. 14, trace 
the summit of the Cascade Range. What 
county boundaries does it form? (Fig. S. 2.) 
2. Where do you find the larger lakes in the 
Cascades? where the smaller ones? 3. What 
becomes of the material carried from the 
mountains by the rivers? 

1. Locate on the map, Fig. S. 2, the five 
highest peaks of the Cascades. Then make 
a table in the following form, and fill in the 
facts. 


Name of Peak 

Elevation 

How Formed 

Rivers from 
its Glaciers 























S. 18 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



II 

I 



O 6000 Ft. El. w 


Fig. S. 22. A cross section of northern Washington from Tatoosh to Cusick. The bold, vertical lines show 
the amount of rain recorded as falling at the weather observation stations named. Find the Olympic 

Mountains; Puget Sound; the Cascade Mountains; the Plateau Region. 


2. How have the smaller peaks and ridges 
been formed? 3. How were the lakes in the 
Cascade Mountains formed? 4. In what 
ways is the Cascade Range an advantage to the 
state? a disadvantage? 5. Locate the national 
forests in these mountains. (Fig. S. 35.) 

WESTERN WASHINGTON 

S. 17. General.—This section includes 
the western slope of the Cascade Moun¬ 
tains, the Puget Sound Basin, the Co- 
lumbia-Cowlitz Valley, the Coastal Ranges, 
and a narrow belt of Coastal Lowland. 
(See maps, Figs. S. 2 and S. 9.) Two- 
thirds of the people of the state live west 
of the Cascade divide, most of them in 
the lowland regions. Certain general con¬ 
ditions of climate are characteristic of the 
whole section, with some differences in 
total amounts of rainfall and snowfall, 
and in temperature. (Figs. S. 10 and 
S. 11.) 

The average precipitation for the year 
for all the weather bureau stations is 56 
inches, but the variation is from 19 inches 
at Port Townsend to 140 inches at Lake 
Quinault (Fig. S. 22), and probably higher 
near the summit of the Olympics. The 
distribution of rainfall by months is more 
uniform than the total amount, as all sta¬ 
tions receive over 50 per cent of the total 
in four months, November to February 
inclusive (Fig. S. 12), and if we add two 
months, March and October, the total 
received in six months is 75 per cent of 
the total for the year. The summer 
months are dry, so that for the best 
results with fruit and vegetables, irriga¬ 
tion is necessary. 


While the whole section has the same 
cyclonic storms, the altitude and the loca¬ 
tion of each region determine its annual 
rainfall and snowfall, and its changes of 
temperature. The winds from the ocean, 
warmer than the land in winter and cooler 
in summer, make the annual range in 
temperature of this section much less than 
that of interior sections in the same lati¬ 
tude. (Fig. S. 11.) The fact that the 
cyclonic storms rarely cross this region in 
summer explains why there is a dry period 
then. Likewise their frequent appearance 
at other times accounts for the rain and 
snow of the rest of the year. (Book II, 
Secs. 59-70.) (Fig. 65.) The warm 
winters are explained by the fact that the 
winter winds are for the most part south¬ 
erly. The long period without frost, or 
the growing season, varies with the dis¬ 
tance from the Pacific Ocean and with 
elevation above sea level. With the ex¬ 
ception of the higher mountain peaks, the 
whole section was originally covered with 
a luxuriant forest growth which has made 
the lumber industry the earliest and most 
important of all the industries thus far 
developed. Where the timber has been 
cut or burned off in the less rugged sec¬ 
tions, excellent pasture or, if cleared, agri¬ 
cultural land is found. The more rugged 
portions are well adapted for cattle rais¬ 
ing, but are better for reforestation. 

The streams, well supplied with water 
from snow fields, lakes, or forested slopes, 
are the natural spawning grounds for the 
salmon, thus favoring the fisheries in 
Puget Sound, and in the Columbia and in 










GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 19 


to 



Fig. S. 23. A cross section of southern Washington, from North Head, near Cape Disappointment (Fig. S. 2), 
to Zindel, a recording station near Anatone, Asotin County. How do the mountains affect the amount of 

rainfall in western Washington? in eastern Washington? 


other embayed rivers. The streams also 
abound in trout, large numbers of which 
are taken annually from the lakes and 
streams. As the numerous cascades in 
the streams are fed from lakes, they 
provide almost unlimited water power for 
lighting, heating, and manufacturing pur¬ 
poses. Many new industries are added 
each year as this power is better devel¬ 
oped. 

S. 18. Soils.—Soils in general may be 
divided into two large groups—“residual” 
soils, formed by the weathering of rocks 
in place, and “transported” soils, those 
deposited by rivers (alluvial), glaciers, and 
winds. 

The soils here are largely transported. 
On the uplands and foothills, gravelly and 
sandy loam of glacial and river origin 
supports a luxuriant forest growth. In the 
river bottoms 
and old lake 
basins, the finer 
silt soils, rich in 
humus, are well 
adapted for 
general farming 
and truck garden¬ 
ing. Many of the 
rivers, coming 
from the moun¬ 
tains heavily 
loaded with fine 
silt, have built 
large deltas and 
broad flood 
plains many 
square miles in 
area. (Book I, 


Fig. 164; Book II, Secs. 170-172.) These 
flats are the most fertile lands in western 
Washington, and yield large crops of grain, 
small fruit, and garden truck. The Skagit 
River delta, or La Conner flats, and the 
Duwamish, Puyallup, and White- River 
Valley between Seattle and Tacoma, are 
good examples. The soils of the southern 
part and of the coastal region are derived 
from the decomposition of sandstone, shales, 
and lava rocks—a valuable soil mixture. 
(Book II, Secs. 128 and 130.) Agricul¬ 
ture is mainly confined to the alluvial 
valleys and terraces which have been 
cleared. The upland soils are fertile, and 
when cleared will make good grazing 
lands or land for reforestation. The 
abundant rainfall and the long open sea¬ 
son in western Washington make the land 
valuable for dairying and stock raising. 

The Coast 
Ranges 

S. 19. The 
Coast Ranges in 
Washington in¬ 
clude two dis¬ 
tinct groups or 
ranges — the 
Olympics, north 
of Grays Harbor, 
and the Willapa 
Hills or Coast 
Ranges of south¬ 
western Wash¬ 
ington, south of 
Grays Harbor. 

S. 20. The 
Olympic Moun- 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 


Fig. S. 24. Lake Crescent, one of the beautiful glacial lakes in 
the Olympic Mountains. How can you go to this lake? Is it 
deep or shallow? Is it in the dry or the wet part of the state? 



















S. 20 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



valleys 


N Photo. Asahel Curtis 

Fig. S. 25. Products of the large sawmills—lumber, timbers, and shingle 
bolts ready for shipment by train or boat at Grays Harbor, one of the 
drowned river valleys so good for trade. What countries will probably 

use some of this lumber? 


tains, a domelike mass, triangular in 
shape, extend northwest from Hood Canal 
to Cape Flattery. (Fig. S. 2.) Look at 
the rainfall map, Fig. S. 10, and the tem¬ 
perature map, Fig. S. 11, and see why the 
higher peaks are capped with snow and 
carry many small glaciers. The whole 
mass is deeply cut by numerous valleys, 
and is very rugged. There are no vol¬ 
canic cones, but peaks of hard rock rise to 
elevations of 7000 and 8000 feet. The 
general mass rises 4000 to 5000 feet above 
the sea. The lower slopes are heavily 
timbered, and this wild country, the largest 
unexplored portion of the state, is a pop¬ 
ular resort for hunters and fishermen. 

The largest glacial lakes in the Olympic 
Peninsula—Crescent, Sutherland, Quinault, 
and Cushman—are well-known resorts. 
(Fig. S. 24.) Lake Cushman is already 
being used for commercial water power. 
The Elwha River is also being used. The 
greater part of this region is in the Olym¬ 
pic Forest Reserve, and is therefore not 
open to destructive lumbering. (Fig. 
S. 35.) 

S. 21. The Willapa Hills, or Uplands 


south of Grays Harbor, 
form the divide between 
Willapa Bay and the in¬ 
terior valley, about 3000 
feet in elevation. As the 
result of heavy precipita¬ 
tion they are deeply 
trenched by short rivers 
and are densely timbered. 

The Coastal Lowlands 

S. 22. Drowned river 

—Between the 
Coast Ranges and the 
ocean lies a narrow belt 
of low hills and gravelly 
plains. The rainfall here 
is about 80 inches. The 
range of temperature is 
less than 15 degrees. It 
is well suited for agricul¬ 
tural and pastoral develop¬ 
ment, or for reforestation when the existing 
forests are removed. The coast south from 
Juan de Fuca Strait, about 160 miles in 
length, has three large bays—Grays 
Harbor, Willapa Bay, and the Columbia 
River Estuary. These indentations are 
almost shut off from the ocean by sand 
bars. How do these bars help to make good 
harbors? It has been found necessary to 
build jetties on each side of the entrances 
to keep the channels open for navigation. 
The best timber lands of the state sur¬ 
round these harbors, and large shipments 
of lumber and timber are made from the 
ports. The Chehaiis and Columbia rivers 
furnish easy routes to the interior valley. 
Dairying is increasing in importance, as 
well as agriculture. Aberdeen and Ho- 
quiam, now important lumber centers, 
may later become important farm and 
industrial centers. South Bend and Ray¬ 
mond are important towns on Willapa 
Bay. 1 he fisheries, the oyster beds, and 
the canning of clams furnish employment 
for a large number in this section. ' How 
could the lumber industry be made a 
permanent one in this district? 














GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 21 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 


Fig. S. 26. A dairy herd and a modern dairy barn in the Puget Sound 
region. Many herds like this are found in both western and eastern 

Washington. 


The Puget Sound 
Trough 

S. 23. A rich valley.— 

Between the Cascade 
Mountains and the Coast 
Ranges lies a broad trough 
or valley, a part of the 
larger Willamette-Puget 
Sound Valley. (Book II, 

Sec. 206.) To understand 
the Washington features 
of this valley, we have 
to go back many thou¬ 
sands of years, when it 
was slightly colder than 
now. Deep snows col¬ 
lected in the British Co¬ 
lumbia part of the valley 
and formed a large glacier 
which moved southward 
over what is now the San 
Juan Islands. It extended as far south as 
Olympia, a branch going out through Juan 
de Fuca Strait. This heavy, slowly mov¬ 
ing mass of ice gouged out deep troughs, 
leaving large irregular piles (moraines) of 
gravel, sand, clay, and boulders. The 
water flowing from the melting ice carried 
great quantities of silt, and deposited it in 
immense plains of sand and gravel, or in 
the bottoms of large lakes.. When the ice 
melted out of the basin, the land sank 
enough to let the ocean waters cover the 
lowest parts of the valleys formerly occu¬ 
pied by the ice. This great inland sea, 
2000 miles in area, is called Puget Sound, 
and the low country round about it is 
called Puget Sound Basin. The unglaci¬ 
ated portion of the valley which lies south 
of the terminal moraine is called the 
Columbia-Cowlitz Basin. Who named 
Puget Sound? 

S. 24. Climate. —The whole valley is in¬ 
cluded in the Puget Sound Moist Belt, 
with rainfall varying from 20 to 60 inches. 
The snowfall is generally light and melts 
quickly, so that pasturage is available for 
the dairy herds most of the year. The 
summer is usually extremely dry, espe¬ 


cially during July and August, and late 
summer crops are not sure without irriga¬ 
tion. The annual range of temperature is 
greater than on the coast—about 25-30 
degrees. Extremely high or low tempera¬ 
tures are unknown, although occasionally 
cold spells occur between the warmer 
storms of winter. The average date of 
the last killing frost in the spring is about 
April 1, and the first frost in the fall 
about November 1, giving a growing sea¬ 
son of 200 to 225 days. (Fig. S. 13.) 

S. 25. Resources.—The whole valley was 
originally forested. Agricultural develop¬ 
ment has followed the removal of the for¬ 
ests. Coal is found in the folded sedi¬ 
mentary rocks of both parts of the valley, 
but is worked more extensively in the 
Puget Sound Basin. More water power is 
available from the rivers on both sides of 
the valley than will be used for some 
time. The north and south extensions of 
the transcontinental railroads and a good 
highway furnish easy transportation 
through the entire length of the valley. 

S. 26. The Puget Sound Basin.—This 
region, about 8000 square miles in extent, 
includes the broad, fertile valleys, deltas, 









S. 22 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



© Kennedy Company 

Bird’s-eye view of Seattle and vicinity. What mountains are in the background? What are the important harbor facilities shown? 





















GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 23 




/ T 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 


Fig. S. 28. A ship leaving the locks from Lake Union. How was this 
boat let down from lake level to sound level? What country is she prob¬ 
ably from? What kind of cargo is it likely that she brought to the Sound? 


and flood plains of the 
rivers flowing into the 
Sound, and a large area 
of rounded hills of glacial 
deposits. The rich soil of 
the silt-filled valleys now 
produces a great vari¬ 
ety of agricultural prod¬ 
ucts, including enormous 
yields of berries and small 
fruits, and large quantities 
of garden truck, potatoes, 
hay, oats, and hops. Since 
the large cities about the 
Sound furnish a ready 
market, truck gardening, 
dairying, and poultry rais¬ 
ing have become very im¬ 
portant industries of this 
region. The mild, moist winters and the 
small farms near the cities favor this type 
of farming. 

In the northern and central part of the 
4 Basin is Puget Sound which, with the 
numerous indentations and islands, has a 
shore line approaching 2000 miles in 
length. On account of its depth and size, 
its protection from severe ocean storms, 
its free, straight approach, and the absence 
of shoals, it is one of the best natural 
harbors in the world. To increase its 
utility, Lake Washington and Lake Union 
have been connected with it by canal, so 
that ocean-going vessels may go into fresh 
water if desirable. Four of the largest 
cities of the state and many important 
industrial towns and ports are located on 
the Sound. Locate these on the map, 
Fig. S. 2, and find out the important in¬ 
dustries of each one. What part of Wash¬ 
ington's population lives in the Puget 
Sound Basin? Would you agree with the 
following statement? “With its transcon¬ 
tinental railroads, abundant coal and 
water power, plentiful food supply, mod¬ 
erate climate, and many good harbors, 
Puget Sound is bound to be the center of 
population of the entire state and possibly 
of the Pacific Coast." 


S. 27. The Columbia-Cowlitz Basin.— 

The southern part of the Puget Sound 
trough is more broken and hilly than the 
northern part. The plains and river val¬ 
leys, when cleared, yield large crops of 
fruits and garden truck. Dairying and 
poultry raising are becoming important as 
the towns along the valley develop. The 
coal mines and forests about Chehalis and 
Centralia have made these towns the rail¬ 
road and industrial center of the basin. 
Vancouver, the oldest town in the state, 
is the center of an important fruit-grow¬ 
ing district. Locate it on the map, Fig. 
S. 2, and name other smaller towns. Why 
are they important? Why is this section 
slower in developing than the Puget Sound 
Basin? 

QUESTIONS 

1. Of what importance is Puget Sound to 
Washington? to northern United States? 2. 
List and describe the larger cities of Puget 
Sound as follows: 


City 

Population 

Location 

Lmportance 





3. Locate and name 

the four 

highest peaks 


of the Olympics. 

1. Compare the area of western Washing¬ 
ton with that of eastern Washington. 2. 

















S. 24 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 29. The streams of Washington most used for irrigation are those 
heading on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and flowing into 
the Columbia. From Figs. S. 2 and S. 9, can you tell why this is true? 


How do they compare in population? Why 
the difference? 3. Follow the railroad routes 
(Fig. S. 2) through the Cascades. What 
valleys do they follow on the west side? on 
the east side? If railroad folders are obtain¬ 
able, make and fill in a table like the following: 


Railroad 

Valley on 
W EST 

Valley on 
East 

Elevation and Length 
of Tunnel 






How does this study help you to understand 
the difficulties of railroad transportation? 4. 
How was Puget Sound formed? 5. Why 
does it not fill up quickly with silt from the 
mountains? 6. How was Grays Harbor 
formed? 7. Of what importance is it? 8. 
Of what uses to man are the Olympic Moun¬ 
tains? How were they formed? 9. What 
are jetties and how do they work? 

EASTERN WASHINGTON 

S. 28. Eastern Washington includes the 
eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, 
the northern part of the large Columbia 
Plateau, the Blue Mountains, and the 
Okanogan Highlands, each of which is an 
extension of the Rocky Mountains in 
Washington. Look on the map, Fig. S. 
2, and find what river system drains the 
entire section. The Big Bend and Palouse 
wheat lands, the famous orchards of We¬ 
natchee, Yakima, and Spokane, and the 


farms of the Walla Walla 
country are well-known 
regions of eastern Wash¬ 
ington. 

S. 29. Climate.—This 
section is in the “rain 
shadow” of the Cascades. 
The average annual rain¬ 
fall is only 18 inches, but 
it varies from 7 inches in 
the lower Columbia Basin 
to 70 inches on the upper 
slopes of the Cascades, and 
40 inches in the Blue 
Mountains. (Fig. S. 10.) 
Fortunately for the water 
supply of eastern Wash¬ 
ington, heavy rains and 
snows fall on the eastern 
side of the Cascade Mountains and sup¬ 
ply the lakes and rivers of the eastern 
slope. The larger part of the section 
is in the Central Dry Belt, with less 
than 20 inches of rainfall. It is sub¬ 
ject to the same cyclonic changes of 
weather as the western section, but each 
storm supplies less rainfall. Over 50 per 
cent of the yearly rainfall occurs in four 
months—November to February inclusive- 
but .the months of April, May, and June 
have a larger per cent of the total than 
in western Washington. This condition 
aids in the dry farming that is carried on 
where the rainfall is over 12 inches and 
where the soil is suitable. In the arid 
belt where the rainfall is less than 10 
inches, irrigation is necessary. 

The temperature conditions differ greatly 
from those of western Washington. Here 
extremes of temperature are common. The 
annual range is high—40 to 45 degrees. 
Temperatures above 110 degrees and as 
low as 30 degrees below zero have been 
recorded. The air is so dry that the 
extreme temperatures are not so notice¬ 
able as in moist air. On account of the 
higher summer temperatures, thunderstorms 
are more frequent than in western Wash¬ 
ington. Prolonged spells of either hot or 














































































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 25 



Courtesy U. S. Reclamation Service 


Fig. S. 30. High Line Canal, Yakima irrigation project, Washington. What 

is the canal made of? 


cold weather are not so 
frequent as in the interior 
states. The Cascades 
shut this section off from 
the marine climate so 
noticeable in western 
Washington, and the 
Rocky Mountains protect 
it to some extent from 
the cold waves of the 
interior. How? 

The growing season is 
shorter but with more 
sunshine than in western 
Washington, and extends 
from May 15 to Septem¬ 
ber 15, about 120 to 160 
days. It varies greatly 
in different sections with 
elevation and general 
topography. (Fig. S. 13.) 

S. 30. Irrigation.—In eastern Washington 
large areas lack sufficient precipitation to 
mature crops and fruit. Where such 
lands lie along rivers coming from steep 
mountain valleys, the water is easily led 
out over the plains and distributed by 
canals, thus making fertile thousands of 
acres otherwise barren. Yakima, Kittitas, 
Benton, Chelan, and Okanogan counties 
include over 80 per cent of the 530,000 
acres at present under irrigation. Smaller 
areas about Spokane and Walla Walla 
make up most of the remainder. Over 
6000 miles of canals have been constructed 
at great expense to distribute the water 
over these large areas, and lakes have 
been enlarged by dams to increase the 
water supply for irrigation. The United 
States Reclamation Service and the Indian 
Service control about 27 per cent, and 
commercial companies about 20 per cent, 
of the projects. In some localities pump¬ 
ing plants are necessary, but 95 per cent 
of the land is irrigated by gravity systems. 
A project to irrigate large areas in the 
Quincy district, known as the Columbia 
Basin Project, is under consideration. 
The total area which may be irrigated 


under the present enterprises is about 
850,000 acres. 

S. 31. Soils.—The undulating hills and 
level stretches of the dry, central plateau 
are covered with a fine, sandy loam and 
clay soil. This was formed from the de¬ 
cayed underlying rocks and fine lava ash. 
The addition of humus from decaying veg¬ 
etation makes a soil of great fertility, which 
stores sufficient moisture for growing grain 
by dry farming. It is not leached out by 
heavy rains, is 80 feet deep in places, and 
under irrigation yields enormous crops of 
fruit, hay, and other products. It con¬ 
tains alkali which, if brought to the sur¬ 
face by poor methods of irrigation and 
drainage, makes the soil useless, but if 
properly distributed is beneficial. 

Much of this soil is residual, but in 
some sections deep deposits of wind-blown 
soil are found. In the hilly southeastern 
part and around Moses Lake, large areas 
are covered with dunes and rounded hills 
of fine wind-deposited material. This type 
of soil readily absorbs and holds moisture, 
and is well adapted for producing wheat 
and other grains by dry farming, as in the 
Palouse and Big Bend districts. 









S. 32. Dry onions on 


S. 26 GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. S. 31. Hundreds of acres like this are found 
in eastern Washington. Why no vegetation but 
sagebrush? What kind of soil? How can country 

like this be made rich agricultural land? 

S. 32. Resources.—Eastern Washington 
is typically an agricultural region. The 
more elevated sections are timbered, and 
along the rivers and railroads lumbering is 
carried on extensively. The coal mines of 
the Cascade slopes and the metal mines 
of the Okanogan Highlands are centers of 
important mining activity. The streams 
from the mountain rim of the basin fur¬ 
nish abundant water for power and irriga¬ 
tion. The future development of this 
whole section is a problem of 
marketing the agricultural prod¬ 
ucts, increasing the extent of 
the irrigated lands, and main¬ 
taining the fertility of the soil for 
extensive farming. 

The Columbia Plateau 

S. 33. This region occupies the 
greater part of eastern Washing¬ 
ton south of the Okanogan High¬ 
lands. It is a series of rolling 
plains and broad, open river 
basins. Where trenched by rivers, 
it is seen to be made up of a 
series of lava flows in places over 
4000 feet thick. Immense floods . 


overflowed this section, covering all older 
land masses, except a few of the higher 
hills. These flows formed the dark basaltic 
rock which weathers to a fine rich soil that 
under irrigation becomes very productive. 
Volcanic ash mixed with this soil increases 
its porosity and fertility, and makes dry 
farming possible in sections where the 
rainfall is over 12 inches. 

Since it is within the Central Dry Belt, 
this region has less than 20 inches of rain¬ 
fall. (Fig. S. 10.) The large area, irregu¬ 
lar in shape, in the immediate Columbia 
River Basin has less than 10 inches of 
rainfall. Except along the streams this 
area was a desolate, sagebrush desert. 
(Fig. S. 31.) Because of the dry climate, 
the soil contains the original plant foods, 
and under irrigation yields immense crops 
of fruit, alfalfa, vegetables, potatoes, sugar 
beets, and hops. As the snowfall is light 
and there are grazing lands in the sur¬ 
rounding mountains, stock and sheep rais¬ 
ing and dairying are important industries. 
The valleys of the Okanogan, Methow, 
Wenatchee, Yakima, Snake, Spokane, and 
Columbia rivers are centers of the fruit 
and other agricultural industries. Why 
are these valleys more important than the 
uplands between them? 

The centers of the grain industry are 


of lava from numerous fissures These lands yield large crops of vegetables andgarden 'truck! 















GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 27 




the Big Bend, Palouse, and Walla 
Walla regions, where the rainfall 
is over 12 inches, and where the 
dry summer is ideal for curing the 
grain and leaving it sacked in the 
field until ready for shipment to 
the elevators or cars. Washington 
stands high among the wheat¬ 
raising states in both acreage and 
yield per acre. 

The Okanogan Highlands 

S. 34. Grazing and mining.— 

In the northeastern part of the 
state, the Rocky Mountains reach 
out westward to the Okanogan 
Valley in a series of worn-down, 

rounded mountains and rolling 

hills separated by alluvial valleys. Fi S* s ; 34. Colville Valley, near Meyers Falls Stevens County, 
. . . / one of the fertile valley flats of the Okanogan Highlands. How 

1 his region IS known as the Oka- may it be reached from Spokane? Compare the timber on the 

hill slopes with that around Lake Crescent. 


Photo. Frank Palmer 


nogan Highlands. Although not 
so rugged as the Cascades, the general 
elevation is from 3000 to 6000 feet, and 
some of the peaks are over 7000 feet. On 
account of a slightly heavier rainfall than 
the surrounding lowlands, forests of pine 
cover the upper slopes. Large herds of 
cattle or sheep range in the uplands. The 
region is somewhat isolated and therefore 


undeveloped, but agriculture and dairying 
are carried on in the valleys, and one of 
the largest irrigation projects is located 
in the Okanogan Valley. 

In the eastern part of this region are 
found the richest metal deposits of the 
state. Gold, silver, copper, and lead are 
produced in small quantities. During the 
World War rich magnesite de¬ 
posits were opened up, and this 
now forms one of the important 
mining industries. Building stone, 
clay products, and cement are 
produced in large quantities. Lo¬ 
cate on the map, Fig. S. 47, the 
centers of these different industries. 

Railroads and highways now 
connect the British Columbia roads 
with the Washington roads through 
the Okanogan Highlands. 

The Blue Mountains 

S. 35. South of the Snake River 
a spur of the Blue Mountains in 
Oregon extends into the south- 

Fig. S. 33. A Spokane Valley apple orchard. How is profitable eastern corner of the state. The 
use being made of the land between the rows of trees still too broad domelike mass rises 4000 
young to bear fruit? Why not vegetables like this in younger Q feet above the gene ral 

orchards, such as the one to be seen in rig. o. 44 . 


Photo. Frank Palmer 
















S. 28 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 35. Compare this map with Figs. S. 2 and S. 9. Why are the national forest areas also the areas of 
rugged mountains and much rain? Locate and name five Indian reservations, three state parks, a national 
park. Our State Highway Department has under its care this splendid system of roads. 


plateau level. The rainfall increases with 
elevation, and several stations record as 
high as 40 inches per year. As a result of 
the increased rainfall, the mountain slopes 
are forest-covered, making a strong con¬ 
trast with the surrounding semiarid plateau. 
The slopes are deeply trenched by streams, 
which provide a fairly good supply of 
water for irrigation purposes. Large herds 
of cattle and sheep are pastured in the 
Wenaha National Forest during the sum¬ 
mer, and are driven down to be fed in 
the irrigated farm lands during the winter. 

QUESTIONS 

1. How are the rivers on the eastern slope 
of the Cascades supplied with water? 2. Cat¬ 
alog the pictures of eastern Washington 
shown in this geography as follows: 


Title 

Description 

What it Tells Me 





3. How do the cattlemen and sheepmen of 


eastern Washington take care of their herds 
and flocks? 

1. Why does eastern Washington receive 
less rainfall than western Washington? 2. 
Why is it necessary to have storage reser¬ 
voirs in eastern Washington? 3. In which 
of the natural regions is agriculture most 
important? Where is irrigation necessary? 
4. What kind of soil is most common over 
the plateau surface? 5. Give reasons why 
the railroads of eastern Washington follow 
their present routes. 6. What city is the 
railroad center of this section? 7. What 
factors determine the location of the towns 
and the larger cities in eastern Washington? 
8. What part of eastern Washington did the 
large glaciers work over? 9. What was the 
effect of the glaciers on the mountains? on 
the Columbia River? 10. Tell the story of 
the big red apple of eastern Washington 
from the time the land was a sagebrush 
plain. 11. Why is grazing less important 
than in the earlier days of the state? 

INDUSTRIES 

S. 36. General.—The general distribu¬ 
tion and the great variety and abundance 



































































































S. 29 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


of the resources of the state have been 
referred to in the study of the natural 
regions. The industries necessary to de¬ 
velop and take care of the resources will 
now be considered. 

S. 37. Lumbering.—More than one-half 
the total land area of Washington is cov¬ 
ered with forests of merchantable timber. 
Practically all western Washington was 
once a vast forest of fir, cedar, spruce, and 
hemlock. The forest floor in the more 
open patches bore a dense undergrowth of 
ferns, salal, huckleberry, and other shrubs, 
including the state flower, the rhododen¬ 
dron. Trees 8 to 12 feet in diameter and 
200 to 300 feet high are not uncommon, 
and these work up into logs 100 feet long, 
free from knots and limbs. These forests 
supply the timber for the state’s chief 
industries, representing in value about 35 
per cent of all manufacturing for the state. 
Since 1905 Washington has led all other 
states in the production of lumber and 
shingles, and during the war furnished 
much of the spruce for the construction 
of airplanes. This means that we are 
cutting our timber faster than other states, 
and therefore should reforest logged-off 
areas. 

The forests are not entirely confined to 
western Washington. The eastern side of 
the Cascades and the Okanogan Highlands 
have forests of western yellow pine and a 



How are the logs hauled to the track? 



Fig. S. 37. Preparing to saw one of the large fir 
trees of the Washington forests. Note the number 
of younger trees. How are the supports the men 
are standing on fastened in the stump? 

few firs scattered over the slopes and along 
the streams. A large area in the Blue 
Mountains is also heavily forested. Why? 
Cottonwood and maple grow along the 
streams or in moist soil. 

Along the railroads, in the river valleys, 
and about the Sound, a large part of the 
timber has been cut, and almost as much 
has been destroyed by fire, but, with the 
exception of Oregon, the standing timber 
is greater than in any other state. Much 
of the cleared land is under cultivation, 
but there are large areas of “ logged-off 
land” in western Washington, overgrown 
with young firs, alder, or the fire weed. 
These areas may be used for grazing, but 
in most cases are much better suited for 
reforestation. 

A conservative estimate of the timber 
still standing is 350 billion board feet, 
and the yearly cut is about 4 billion feet. 
To protect the timber industry and the 
watersheds of the rivers, eleven large Na¬ 
tional Forests have been set aside in which 
only restricted cutting is allowed, and 
where scientific reforestation may replace 
the timber cut and burned. (Fig. S. 35.) 
About one-third of the timber land 
(10,000,000 acres) is included in these 
forests, and two-thirds is held by private 













S. 30 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Photo. Ewing Galloway 


Fig. S. 38. A big modern fish wheel on the Colum¬ 
bia River on the Oregon border. 

owners. The National Forest Service, the 
State Forester, and the Washington Fire 
Association work together to protect all 
the lumber of the state. Forest rangers 
patrol and watch from high lookout points 
to prevent fires or to discover them early 
enough to control them. Everybody in 
the state should help them, for our lumber 
is one of our largest resources. 

Fir, a very strong wood for its weight, 
and cedar are used for lumber; cedar for 
shingles; cottonwood and spruce for paper 
pulp; spruce for airplanes, and fir for 
furniture manufacture. The bark of the 
hemlock is rich in tannin, which is used in 
tanning hides. The 300 lumber mills and 
200 shingle mills include the largest in the 
world. The manufacture of lumber and 
other forest products was the first to de¬ 
velop, and is now the leading industry. 
Large camps are filled with loggers em¬ 
ployed in cutting the trees into logs ready 
for the mills. The donkey engine with 
long wire cable has replaced oxen and 
horses in getting the logs out to the rail¬ 
roads and streams by which they are car¬ 
ried to the mills. Here the logs are cut 
into lumber, shingles, lath, etc., and used 
for the manufacture of doors, sashes, house 
trimmings, or furniture. The forests of 


the state furnish 60 per cent of the rough 
lumber and shingles and 12 per cent of the 
lath used in the United States. Large 
timbers, materials for shipbuilding and for 
construction of airplanes, and large quan¬ 
tities of wood pulp are important products 
of our forests. 

S. 38. Fisheries.—The coastal waters 
and the rivers flowing into them are the 
feeding and spawning grounds for salmon, 
halibut, cod, herring, flounder, smelt, stur¬ 
geon and mackerel; also for crabs, clams, 
oysters, and shrimp. With the extensive 
fisheries along the Alaskan coast, fishing 
furnishes employment to a large group of 
men and keeps busy a regular fleet of fish¬ 
ing boats which winter in and about Puget 
Sound. 

The salmon is the most important of 
the fishes. It makes up about 90 per 
cent of the annual catch. The salmon 
are taken by traps and purse seines in the 
Sound, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay, 
and by beach seine and fish wheel in 
the Columbia River (Fig. S. 38), as they 
come into the rivers to spawn. (Book I, 



© Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

Fig. S. 39. Emptying a catch of salmon from the 
trap into a scow to be taken direct to the cannery. 
Thousands of fish are taken from these net traps 

every week. 












GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 31 



Photo. Chapman 

Fig. S. 40. Preparation of the wheat fields requires careful cultivation of the soil. You see here a group of 
workers ready to start out for the day’s work on one of the farms near Walla Walla. 


Figs. 142-146.) These runs begin in the 
early summer, continuing for several 
months. (Book I, Secs. 137-141.) Sal¬ 
mon canneries are located on the Colum¬ 
bia River, Grays Harbor, and along the 
Sound at Anacortes, Bellingham, and 
other points. The one at Bellingham is 
the largest in the world. 

Fleets of fishing tugs get large quantities 
of halibut and other fish on the bars off 
the coast, and these, along with the sal¬ 
mon, are packed in ice and shipped to 
inland cities. The whaling station and 
the clam and oyster canneries on Grays 
Harbor are important additions to the 
industry. By-products such as oil and 
fertilizer add to the total value of the 
fisheries products. 

In order to encourage the fishing in¬ 
dustry and maintain the supply, both 
state and federal governments maintain 
hatcheries on the rivers and lakes and turn 
millions of fry into the lakes and rivers 
annually. An effort is being made to 
arouse interest in the matter of conserva¬ 
tion of this great industry. In order that 
the supply may not be exhausted, impor¬ 
tant research is being carried on by the 
College of Fisheries at the University of 
Washington, to learn the best methods of 
feeding and protecting the fry, and for 
handling the fish in preparation for market. 

The value of the capital invested in 


canneries and by-products factories and 
equipment in 1920 was, for the Puget 
Sound district, about $9,000,000; for the 
Columbia River district, $2,181,000; for 
the Grays Harbor district $471,370; and 
for the Willapa Harbor district, $38,675. 

Value of Chief Fisheries Products, 1920 
Food fish and shell fish, canned. . $4,531,120 


Salmon, all kinds, fresh.. 2,831,604 

Clams and mussels, canned. ..... 394,689 

Oysters, marketed. 255,876 

Crabs, fresh. 134,641 

Smelt, fresh. 43,004 

Salmon trout, fresh. 37,798 


QUESTIONS 

1. What different kinds of fish are caught 
in the coast waters and the streams of 
Washington? 2. Write the life story of the 
salmon. (Book II, Secs. 137-147.) 3. How 

is this fish caught in such large numbers? 

4. Where are the larger canneries located? 

5. How do the people get clams for canning? 
crabs? oysters? 

1. What climatic conditions favor lumber¬ 
ing in western Washington? 2. Why are 
forests sparse in the eastern part of the 
state? 3. Why does the government set 
aside forest reserves? 4. What is necessary 
to keep up the lumber industry of the state? 
5. Where is it easiest to get the logs to the 
mills? 6. What is the future of the fish in¬ 
dustry in Washington under present condi¬ 
tions? 7. What must we do to save it? 

S. 39. Agriculture.—Because of the 
state’s favorable soil and climatic condi- 












S. 32 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 41. Eolian Hills of the Palouse country. How has this grain been harvested? Why do they not use 

the combined harvester? (Fig. S. 43.) 


tions, agriculture will always be one of the 
leading industries except in the rugged 
mountainous sections and the timber 
lands. Only 30 per cent of the land in 
Washington is yet occupied by farms, and 
little over half of this area is improved. 

In recent years Washington has gained 
a prominent place among the grain-pro¬ 
ducing states, and in 1919 stood first in 
apple production. 

Value of Crops in 1919 


Wheat.:. $91,207,000 

Hay and Forage. 47,717,000 

Apples. 38,824,000 

Potatoes (White). 12,320,000 

Oats.... . 8,073,000 

Barley. 3,375,000 

Peaches. 3,321 000 

Corn. 1,623,000 

Other crops. 20,752,000 


Total.$227,212,000 

Plums and prunes, hops, beet sugar, 
berries, melons, and vegetables amounted 
to over one million dollars each, and other 
crops, such as bulbs, flax, vegetable seeds, 


and walnuts, are being raised in increasing 
quantities. 

Vast fields of wheat cover large areas of 
the uplands of eastern Washington, even 
where the rainfall is less than 16 inches, 
and without irrigation. Dry-farming 
methods make this possible. In 1920 the 
acreage of spring wheat was about twice 
that of winter wheat, but this varies with 
climatic conditions. In the dry climate 
the grain cures while standing, and on the 
larger wheat ranches- of the Big Bend 
country combined harvesters and threshers 
are used (Fig. S. 43), but in the Palouse 
country either binders or headers are used. 

Alfalfa is the chief hay and fodder crop 
in the irrigated districts, where two or 
three good crops may be obtained each 
season. Grain is cut green for feed in 
many sections, and timothy and clover are 
grown extensively. The acreage in oats is 
not high, but the crop in the diked lands 
of the Skagit delta and in the irrigated 
lands of eastern Washington is often 125 
bushels per acre. On the alluvial soils in 






























GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 33 



Ihoto. Ewing Galloway 

Fig. S. 43. A combined harvester and thresher in the great wheat belt of 

Washington. Count the horses. 


western Washington and 
the irrigated lands of east¬ 
ern Washington, potatoes 
are a valuable crop, yield¬ 
ing as high as 400 to 500 
bushels per acre. 

• Barley is raised without 
irrigation in the countries 
on the eastern side of the 
Cascade Range. Corn is 
becoming a more impor¬ 
tant crop, especially on 
dairy and stock farms, but 
is grown best under irriga¬ 
tion. Peas are grown 
largely for feed in the dairy 
counties. The sugar beet 
industry is growing rap¬ 
idly, and the irrigated 
lands of Spokane, Whit¬ 
man, and Yakima counties, as well as the 
flats in King, Snohomish, Grays Harbor, 
and other western counties, yield large 
crops. The beet industry yields valuable 
by-products used for stock food, and is 
good for the soil. Hops are raised in 
large quantities in the Snoqualmie, Puy¬ 
allup, and White River valleys, and in 
the irrigated lands of Yakima and Benton 
counties. 

The climate and soil in both sections of 
the state are favorable for the production 
of fine crops of small and orchard fruits. 
Chelan, Yakima, Whitman, and Spokane 
in eastern Washington lead in apple pro¬ 
duction, while King, Pierce, Whatcom, and 
San Juan in western Washington follow in 
the order named. The uplands of eastern 


Washington are best adapted for intensive 
apple growing. The low, alluvial lands 
and the moist climate of the west side are 
well adapted for the growth of vegetables 
and small fruits, and large tracts formerly 
used for general farming are now planted 
in berries. One of the largest and best 
equipped canneries in the United States 
takes care of the crop in the Puyallup 
Valley. Public markets in the large cities 
enable local gardeners to sell directly to 
the people, and over 7100 acres in King, 
Pierce, and Spokane counties are used for 
raising garden truck to supply these mar¬ 
kets. The long season and the enormous 
crops obtained from irrigated lands make 
this a very profitable industry, and over 
30,000 acres are planted in small fruits 
and vegetables throughout the 
state. The delta lands near Mount 
Vernon are famous for the large 
vegetable seed farms. One-third 
of all the garden pea seed pro¬ 
duced in 1918 was supplied by 
the state. 

QUESTIONS 

1. List in order of importance the 
crops of Washington. 2. On an out¬ 
line map showing counties, indicate 



y. S. 42. A power harvester near Walla Walla. This machine 
= makes a 24-foot cut. How much of the grain stalk is cut off. 

























S. 34 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 




winter. Large shipments 
of beef cattle are made to 
the packing houses in the 
Middle West and on the 
Sound. Several large woolen 
mills have been built in 
Washington and Oregon, 
but much of the raw wool 
is still shipped out of the 
state. 


Value of Live Stock, Dairy 
Products, and Poultry 
(Census of 1920) 

Cattle.$36,559,000 

Dairy Products. . 27,620,000 

Horses. 25,069,000 

Sheep. 7,750,000 

Hogs .. 5,049,000 

Fig. S. 44. In Wenatchee Valley. A young apole orchard with peach fillers. Poultry . 4,390,000 

The land is the same as that shown in Figs. S. 33 and S. 34. How do.es 
the water reach the trees? Why use peach fillers? 


the leading counties for wheat, apples, small 
fruit, vegetables, and cattle raising. 

1. Describe the care of the wheat crop in 
the Big Bend country; in the Palouse country. 
2. Why is the dairying industry more im¬ 
portant in western Washington and the meat- 
industry in eastern Washington? 3. Write an 
account telling how the ancient volcanoes 
helped the farmers of eastern Washington. 

S. 40. Stock-raising and dairying.—The 
raising of live stock and poultry is rapidly 
increasing. This is because of the mild 
winters and the ease with which grasses 
and other foods grow in either irrigated 
districts or in the moist climate of west¬ 
ern Washington. Green pastures the 
greater part of the year, the increased de¬ 
mand for dairy products due to the growth 
of cities, and the Alaskan trade are three 
influences which have greatly changed the 
cattle industry in western Washington. 
Grazing is not so important as formerly, 
though still a big factor in the stock- 
raising industry of the state. The Sound 
counties lead in dairy products, since the 
large cities and condensed milk factories 
furnish a ready market. The counties of 
eastern Washington lead in the raising of 
beef cattle, horses, and sheep, since they 
can graze in the foothills in the summer 
and in the lower valleys most of the 


S. 41. Mining.—The to¬ 
tal value of mineral products in the state was 
about twenty million dollars in 1919. Coal 
thus far is the greatest product, the output 
being about 3,500,000 tons in 1919, valued 
at $10,737,656. Washington is the only large 
coal producer of the Pacific Coast states. 
Most of the coal is mined in Kittitas, 
King, Pierce, Lewis, Thurston, and What¬ 
com counties. It is largely bituminous 
coal with some lignite, and is found in the 
foothills on each side of the Cascade 
Range. About one-third of the coal pro- 


£ig. S. 45. A small community packing house. 
Here apples are sorted, wrapped, and packed in 
boxes which are labeled with the name of the 
section, the kind of apple, and the grade. They 
are then ready for shipment by carload lots. 













GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 35 



Fig. S. 47. This map shows in a general way the important rocks and 
minerals which underlie the soils of our state. 



duced is shipped to Oregon 
and California. 

There are many beds of 
small width that are not 
yet being worked but will 
be used when the larger 
supplies are worked out. 

Petroleum has replaced 
coal for fuel on many of 
the coast steamers and on 
the railroads. Electricity, 
largely from water power 
plants, is being used for 
manufacturing purposes 
and will be used more for 
heating as the coal supply 
becomes less. A plant has 
been established at Tuk- 
wila, near Seattle, for the 
production of light oils, 
creosote, crude carbolic 
oils, and other by-products from the 
lower grade coals. 

Next to coal, the clay and cement prod¬ 
ucts of the state are most valuable. 
Clays suitable for the manufacture of 
brick, tile, stoneware, and terra cotta are 
widely scattered, and large plants are in 
operation in both eastern and western 
Washington. Lime and clay suitable for 
cement are found in Skagit, Whatcom, and 
Pend Oreille counties, and large plants are 
located at Concrete, Bellingham, and Met¬ 
aline Falls. 


Gold, silver, copper, and lead are the 
most important metals mined in the state. 
The ores are worked chiefly in the Okano¬ 
gan Highlands and in the Cascade mining 
districts. Eight per cent of the copper 
output of the United States is smelted and 
refined at the Tacoma Smelter, one of the 
largest in the country. 

The working of large deposits of mag¬ 
nesite found in the Okanogan Highlands 
has greatly increased the value of the 
state’s mineral wealth. 

Granite and sandstone are quarried in 
various localities in the Cascades and 
Okanogan Highlands, and basalt for road 
making is taken out at many quarries 
in both eastern and western Washington. 


Fig. S. 46. A sandstone quarry at Tenino. The 
stone is sawed into blocks to be used in building. 


Value of Mineral Products, 1919 
(In round numbers) 


Coal. :..... 

Cement. 

Clay. 

Magnesite. 

Copper, Lead, Gold, and Silver . 
Granite, Sandstone, Limestone, 
Sand, and Gravel. 


$11,000,000 

2,900,000 

1,800,000 

1,439,000 

1,126,250 

900,000 


S. 42. Manufacturing.—In establishing 
manufacturing plants, the following factors 
must be considered: 


























































































S. 36 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 48. A Cumberland coal mine tipple, where coal is sorted and 

cleaned ready for market. 


(1) Source of raw material, (2) available 
power, (3) the labor supply, (4) capital, 
(5) adequate transportation facilities, (6) 
good factory sites, (7) accessible markets. 

In reviewing the state’s resources, you 
will see that in many of these respects 
Washington is favored for certain lines of 
manufacturing. There is plenty of power 
available and, as the demand increases, 
further development of the water power 
will take place. The coal is not of a very 
high grade, but good coal can be obtained 
easily from British Columbia and from 
Alaska. With the exception of iron and 
other metals, we have a great abundance 
and variety of raw materials. The labor 
supply may be low, but the healthful, 
agreeable climate is attractive, and, as the 
demands of factories increase and become 
known, the population will increase. Cap¬ 
ital will follow other favorable conditions. 
Our transportation facilities are the best 
on the west coast. The transcontinental 
railroads and ocean steamship lines open 
the markets of the world to Washington 
products, and enable the manufacturers to 
secure raw materials not found in the 
state. We are farther from the markets 
than some of the large eastern manufac¬ 
turing centers, and therefore have to 


make the best of our other 
advantages. 

Manufacturing has de¬ 
veloped rapidly, keeping 
pace with the develop¬ 
ment of water power and 
other resources. It is 
now ahead of agriculture 
in value of products and 
number of people em¬ 
ployed, amounting to over 
$800,000,000 a year. The 
manufacturing plants are 
located in the larger cities, 
especially those on or near 
Puget Sound. The eight 
largest cities have more 

than half the total value of 
manufactures of the state. 

The industries arising from the working 
up of the forest products leads all others 
by a large margin, making up well over 
one-fourth of the total. 

The manufacture of flour and other 

grain products ranks next to the lumber 
industry. Small mills are located at 

points in the grain belt, but the larger 
mills are at Seattle, Tacoma, and Spokane. 
(Figs. S. 5, S. 6, and S. 55.) 

These three cities are also the chief 
centers of slaughtering and meat packing, 
which is third in importance. The exten¬ 
sive ranges and luxuriant growth of fodder 



Fig. S. 49. Canning salmon. The cans are filled 
and sealed, and are then put into these large cooking 
ovens where they are heated by steam. Afterward 
they are inspected and labeled. 























GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 37 


and pasture favor stock raising for meat 
as well as for dairy products. 

The next in order of value is the can¬ 
ning of fruits, fruit juices, vegetables, 
fish, oysters, and clams. These are sup¬ 
ported by the rich soils, favorable climate, 
and the coast waters teeming with life. 

The manufacture of clay products and 
cement is a rapidly growing industry, as 
well as are iron working and printing and 
binding. 

Shipbuilding, steel and wooden, has 
been steadily increasing for many years. 
It was listed in the 1920 census report as 
the second leading industry. Shipbuilding 
plants, employing thousands of men, were 
located at Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and 
other Puget Sound points, and also on 
Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, and along the 
Columbia River. Only a few of these 
plants are still in operation, but condi¬ 
tions are favorable for continued and in¬ 
creasing activity in this line. The Navy 
Yard at Bremerton shares with San Fran¬ 
cisco the work necessary to keep the 
Pacific fleet in repair. 

QUESTIONS 

1. In what parts of the state do we find 
coal? (Fig. S. 47.) 2. What products are 

made from our large clay deposits? 3. What 
are the five leading manufacturing industries 
of the state? 4. In which one of these does 
Washington lead all other states? 5. What 
cities are leading centers of manufacturing? 

1. How were the coal beds formed? (Book 
II, Sec. 286.) 2. Why is coal not found in 

the Plateau Region? 3. Which is of most 
value to the state, the clays or the gold and 
silver ores? 4. What conditions influence 
the growth of manufacturing in the state? 

5. Where are the greatest number of manu¬ 
facturing plants in our state located? Why? 

6. What advantage has Washington over any 
other state in manufacturing? 7. What 
great handicap must we work under? 8. 
What industries are the result of our forest 
resources? 9. Suppose you had 810,000 with 
which to start a manufacturing establish¬ 
ment in Washington. What product would 
you chose to manufacture? Why? Where 
would you locate your plant? Why? 
Where would you market your product? 



Photo. Ewing Galloway 


Fig. S. 50. The Puget Sound ports of Washington 
possess facilities for handling the heaviest freight, 
as is illustrated by this huge crane loading on 
shipboard a passenger railway car for our Gov¬ 
ernment’s railroad in Alaska. 

TRANSPORTATION AND 
COMMERCE 

S. 43. General.—The State of Washing¬ 
ton, with its excellent transportation facil¬ 
ities and its location in the most direct 
line of trade between the United States 
and the Orient, promises to become one 
of the great commercial centers of the 
country. Puget Sound, with the canal 
joining Lake Union and Lake Washing¬ 
ton, and the Columbia and other smaller 
rivers, furnish adequate transportation in 
western Washington. The Columbia, with 
canals at the Cascades and The Dalles, links 
the eastern Washington agricultural section 
with the coast. These rivers furnished easy 
transportation routes for the early settlers, 
but since the railroads, electric roads, and 
highways have become so important, river 
transportation is of much less value than 
in earlier days. 










S. 38 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 51. The transcontinental railroads and the Pacific steamship lines 
with their termini in the tidewater ports of Washington link our state for 
purposes of trade with all parts of the world. Trace three great railroad 

lines; five steamship routes. 


S. 44. Railroads.—In 1880 there were 
only 300 miles of railroad. To-day there, 
are about 8000 miles. Four transcontinen¬ 
tal railroads cross the state over their own 
tracks, and three others operate in Wash¬ 
ington over these four systems. The 
Northern Pacific in 1885 completed the 
first transcontinental road to the Sound 
with terminus at Tacoma. The Great 
Northern followed with terminus at Everett 
in 1892. In 1909 the Chicago, Milwaukee 
and St. Paul Railroad, following the old 
route by way of Snoqualmie Pass, com¬ 
pleted its road to Seattle. All of these 
railroads have since extended their connec¬ 
tions north and south along the Sound 
Valley. The Oregon-Washington Railroad 
and Navigation Company (or the Union 
Pacific system), with main line to Portland 
and connections to Sound points, has 
numerous branches in southeastern Wash¬ 
ington. Follow these railroads on the 
map, noting their relation to rivers, cities, 
and towns. Note also their relation to 
natural resources. 

The larger cities are the centers of radi¬ 
ating interurban electric lines, also of 
numerous automobile bus, stage, and 


freight truck lines, which 
have revolutionized trans¬ 
portation to points off the 
main railroad lines, even 
competing with them in 
both passenger and freight 
business. 

S. 45. The highway sys¬ 
tem.—As a result of the 
rapid development in auto 
transportation, Washing¬ 
ton is carrying on an 
extensive road-building 
program. There are in 
the state now over 40,000 
miles of highway, much of 
which is paved or hard 
surfaced, so that it may 
be used the year around. 
The state highway funds 
will be expended every 
year until the arterial state highways are 
all paved. The Pacific Highway from 
Vancouver, Washington, to Vancouver, 
British Columbia, is already completed. 
The Sunset Highway from Spokane to 
Seattle is well surfaced but is not yet all 
paved. The Olympic Highway is finally to 
make the complete circuit of the Olympic 
Peninsula. The establishment of tourist 
camps and information bureaus along the 
main highways is doing much to make the 
visit of the auto tourist more pleasant, 
thus adding another attraction to the 
many natural scenic and climatic attrac¬ 
tions of the state. 

S. 46. Steamship lines.—Numerous 
steamship lines connect the Washington 
ports with those of Asia, South America, 
Europe, Alaska, and the Pacific Coast. 
(Fig. S. 51.) Regular freight lines run 
between the Sound and Atlantic Coast 
ports by way of the Panama Canal. If 
time is not an element, it is cheaper to 
ship freight by boat between Seattle and 
New York than by rail. 

A line of steamships has been started 
between the Sound and the ports of Great 
Britain and continental Europe. Each 














































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 39 



do the surface of the land and the amount of rain influence the density 
of population in different parts of the state? 


ship will be equipped with 
refrigerated space for fresh 
fruits and for mild-cured 
fish, making it possible for 
these products to reach 
European ports in excel¬ 
lent condition. (Fig. S. 51.) 

S. 47. Trade. — The 
foreign trade of and 

through the state is rap¬ 
idly increasing. In 1914 

the total value of all 
foreign trade amounted to 
$110,400,000, but in 1919 
it was $588,600,000, of 
which $256,100,000 was ex¬ 
port. The transcontinen¬ 
tal railroads, the splendid 
harbors, and the ocean 
steamship lines not only 

open the markets of the 
world to Washington products, but also 
cause much of the trade between the 
Orient, Alaska, and the United States to 
pass through Puget Sound ports. The fol¬ 
lowing notices in a coast newspaper illus¬ 
trate shipping conditions at Sound ports: 
“Million dollar canned salmon cargoes 
coming.” Where from? “Carriers will 
load 10,000,000 feet of lumber for Cali¬ 
fornia and the East.” “The fleet will 
consist of 32 American, 1 Norwegian, 

and 3 British vessels.” Another reads: 
“$9,000,000 in silk for discharge here is 
aboard Admiral Oriental liners.” From 
what country did the silk most likely 
come? To what parts of the world was 
it going? 

The principal exports from Washington 
ports are lumber, shingles, canned salmon, 
condensed milk, wheat flour, fish, fruits, 
and tobacco. The imports include vege¬ 
table oils, base oil, crude rubber, copra, 
raw silk, matting, hemp, tobacco, tea, 

spices, tin, rice, and rice flour. 

Many articles not produced in the 
Northwest are brought from the East and 
South for shipment through Washington 
ports to the ports of the Pacific and the 


Orient. Among these are raw cotton, 
cotton cloth, meat products, paper and 
leather manufactures, tobacco, machinery, 
tin plates, iron bars, and hardware. 

Many imports are re-shipped by rail 
from Sound ports to cities in other parts of 
the United States. Because of the vast 
trade passing through its ports, the com¬ 
merce of the Washington port district has 
become the greatest on the Pacific coast. 
Seattle, Tacoma, Bellingham, and Everett 
handle the bulk of this trade. The nature 
of the imports and of our resources sug¬ 
gests the development of soap manufac¬ 
ture, tanneries, steel, textiles, rubber, 
and glassware manufactures for this sec¬ 
tion of the country, instead of shipping 
the raw materials east and then shipping 
the manufactured goods back here. 

QUESTIONS 

1. How did the people of the state travel 
in earlier days? 2. With what countries 
does Washington do most of her trading? 
3. What are the chief imports? where 
from? the chief exports? where to? 

1. Why are our rivers not used as much 
as formerly? 2. What river is still of some 
importance? 3. What changes in transporta¬ 
tion have resulted from the use of the auto- 









































































S. 40 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Photo. Brown Bros. 


Fig. S. 53. The Tacoma Stadium. This huge concrete horseshoe over¬ 
looking Puget Sound seats 40,000 persons. 


mobile? 4. How have these affected the roads 
of the state and the expenditure of state 
money? 5. What products are shipped 
through Washington which are not raised 
here or for use here? 6. What does this 
suggest about our future manufacturing 
industries? 7. Debate in your class the fol¬ 
lowing question: Resolved, that the Panama 
Canal is of more value to the merchants and 
traders of Washington than are the transcon¬ 
tinental railroads. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS 

S. 48. Education.—The public school sys¬ 
tem of Washington is considered one of 
the best in the country. Attendance dur¬ 
ing school age is compulsory. The grade, 
union, and high schools are so located as 
to be within easy reach of everybody. 
In sparsely settled districts, school busses 
are used. Three State Normal Schools— 
at Ellensburg, Cheney, and Bellingham— 
are especially equipped for the training 
of grade teachers. The State University 
at Seattle, with an enrollment of 5000, 
and the State Agricultural College at Pull¬ 
man, train for special lines of work and 
advanced teaching. Other schools sup¬ 
ported by the state are a school for the 
deaf and blind at Vancouver, and the 
State Training School at Chehalis. 

The state also supports soldiers’ homes 


at Orting and Port Or¬ 
chard, an insane asylum 
at Steilacoom, an asylum 
and institution for feeble 
minded at Medical Lake, 
a state reformatory at 
Monroe, and a state peni¬ 
tentiary at Walla Walla. 

POPULATION 
AND CITIES 

S. 49. The population of 

the state by the 1920 cen¬ 
sus was 1,356,075, an in¬ 
crease of 18.8 per cent 
since the 1910 census. 
More than half of the en¬ 
tire population lives in the 17 cities of 
over 5000 population; more than one-fourth 
of the population lives in King County, 
and over one-half in the three counties, 
Spokane, Pierce, and King. What cities 
are included in these counties? 

Seattle (315,652), the “ Seaport of Suc¬ 
cess”, on the hills about Elliott Bay and 
Lakes Washington and Union, has grown 
since 1852 from a small sawmill town to 
the largest city in the Northwest. It is 
now one of the three most important 
cities west of the Mississippi, and the 
twenty-first in the United States. 

Its unsurpassed harbor, with 190 miles 
of waterfront, and its seven transconti¬ 
nental railroads connecting here with the 
Pacific steamship lines to the chief Alas¬ 
kan, Asiatic, and South American ports, 
give it a strategic position among world 
ports. 

Abundant water power, near-by supplies 
of coal and timber, and the fisheries favor 
great industrial development. About 20 
per cent of the merchant ships forming the 
bridge to Europe were built here, and 
$200,000,000 was the value of manufac¬ 
tures turned out in 1918. 

An equable climate, a fine water supply, 
an extensive park, playgrounds, and bou¬ 
levard system, and an excellent school 











GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 41 



Fig. S. 54. Everett, sometimes called the “City of Smokestacks”, is one of the four great Puget Sound 

ports. Why? Note the large mills and docks along the water front. 


system, combine to make it one of the 
most healthful cities in the world. Its food 
supply is provided for in the fine garden 
truck, dairy, and poultry farms surround¬ 
ing it and other Puget Sound cities. 

Tacoma (96,965), on a peninsula be¬ 
tween the Sound and Commencement Bay, 
has an excellent harbor, with large areas 
of reclaimed tide flats for manufacturing 
plants. Further development is favored 
by abundant water power, plentiful sup¬ 
plies of coal and timber, and splendid 
shipping facilities by boat and rail. It is 
the leading grain-shipping center of the 
Northwest, and has a large smelting plant 
where ores from Alaska and other mining 
districts are treated. One of the high 
schools of its splendid school system is 
equipped with a concrete stadium seating 
over 30,000. (Fig. S. 40). 

Spokane (104,203), the “Power City”, 
has grown around Spokane Falls. It is 
located in a broad valley flat near the 
Washington and Idaho mining districts, 
and in the heart of a large agricultural 
and fruit belt. Its excellent water power 
has resulted in the development of manu- 
facturing and in a network of electric 
roads. On account of its location it has 


become the railroad center of the North¬ 
west and the trade center of the “Inland 
Empire”. A good water supply, well- 
drained flat land, an extensive park system, 
large adjacent areas well suited for gardens 
and orchards, together with a good school 
system, make it a good home city. 

Everett (27,644), the “City of Smoke¬ 
stacks”, is an important manufacturing 
center with a fine harbor and good rail¬ 
road connections in a rich timber and 
agricultural section. The Great Northern 
shops are located here, in addition to 
many other plants, including lumber and 
shingle mills (one being the largest in the 
United States), and a pulp and paper 
plant. 

Bellingham (25,570), located on Bel¬ 
lingham Bay, has a fine harbor and good 
railroad connections north and south with 
the transcontinental lines. Good water 
power and a recently developed coal sup¬ 
ply favor manufacturing, and many lumber 
and shingle mills, foundries, and shipyards 
are in operation. It is the leading center 
in the Northwest for the salmon-canning 
industry, and has the largest cannery in the 
world. The moderate, moist climate has led 
to the establishment of a famous bulb farm. 








S. 42 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 55. A panorama of the business district of Spokane. The mountains in the background furnish 

which crosses it. What signs can you find which 


Yakima (18,539), a rapidly growing city, 
te the trade center of south central Wash¬ 
ington. It is located at the convergence 
of several irrigated basins, and is thus the 
manufacturing and canning center for a 
rich fruit and agricultural territory. 

Walla Walla (15,503), the “ Garden 
City”, is the trade center of what is called 
the richest farming valley in the North¬ 
west. It has good railroad connections, a 
large trade in wheat, flour, and fruit, and 
has many industrial plants. The state 
penitentiary is located here. 

Aberdeen (15,337), Hoquiam (9859), are 
located about four miles apart on Grays 
Harbor in the richest timber section 
of the state. With good railroad connec¬ 
tions and fair harbor facilities, shipbuild¬ 
ing, fisheries, manufactures, and trade in 
all timber products have developed. In 
order to keep up these cities dairying and 
agriculture must be developed as lands 
are cleared. 

Vancouver (12,637), the oldest city in 
the state, is the trade center of a rich 
timber and agricultural district. It is 
also an important railroad center and river 
harbor. Shipbuilding, canning, and tim¬ 
ber products are important industries. 


Vancouver Barracks and the state school 
for deaf and blind are located there. 

Bremerton (8918), the base of the 
United States Naval Station, is located 
about sixteen miles from Seattle on Port 
Orchard Bay, an arm of Puget Sound. 
The navy yard, with associated industries, 
has caused rapid growth. 

Olympia (8537), the state capital, is 
at the southern extremity of Puget Sound, 
in a rich agricultural district. Its indus¬ 
tries include shipbuilding, oyster and 
shrimp canning, lumber and shingle mills. 

Centralia (7549) and Chehalis (4558), the 
“Twin Cities”, about midway between 
Portland and Seattle, owe their develop¬ 
ment to good railroad connections, abun¬ 
dant timber and coal supply, and the rich 
dairy and agricultural lands available 
after the timber has been removed. 

Raymond (6500) and South Bend (3023), 
located on the Willapa River and harbor, 
have grown as a result of the lumber busi¬ 
ness, shipbuilding, and shipping, and good 
railroad connections with the interior valley. 

Wenatchee (6324), the “Apple City”, 
at the junction of the Wenatchee and 
Columbia rivers, is the center of a rich 
orchard and agricultural section. Cold 






















GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 43 



Photo. Frank Palmer 


water for power and irrigation. The Spokane River is near the center of the picture. Find the bridge 
show the season of year when the picture was taken? 


storage warehouses, fruit-packing and 
canning, and allied industries have 
developed this part of the state. 

Puyallup (6271), the “Berry City”, 
nine miles from Tacoma, is the business 
center of the Puyallup Valley, the most 
important berry region on the coast. 
Here is located one of the largest of 
modern fruit canneries. 

Anacortes (5284) is a rapidly growing, 
industrial city situated on the north shore 
of Fidalgo Island, and connected with the 
mainland by a highway and the Great 
Northern Railroad. Rated according to 
the value of its water-borne commerce, it 
is the third port in the Puget Sound dis¬ 
trict. Its main industries center about 
its fisheries, wooden shipyards, and saw 
and shingle mills. 

Auburn (3163), located about half way 
between Seattle and Tacoma, is a railroad 
junction point for the Northern Pacific. 
Besides its interurban service, Auburn is 
served by four railroads. Sawmills and 
shingle mills are operated near by, and 
farming and dairying are important indus¬ 
tries. 

Charleston (3338) derives its main sup¬ 
port from the pay roll of the Navy Yard 


at Bremerton. There are sawmills and a 
quarry near by, and some of the land west 
of the town is very good farm land. 

Colfax (3027) is one of the oldest and 
wealthiest towns in eastern Washington. 
It has been built up entirely by the de¬ 
velopment of the surrounding rich farm 
lands, and the local industries have arisen 
to fill the needs of a community absorbed 
in wheat growing and stock and dairy 
farming. 

Ellensburg (3967) is located on the 
Yakima River and the Northern Pacific 
and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul rail¬ 
roads. It has an excellent school system, 
from the modern kindergarten up to the 
State Normal School. Near by are large 
farming areas under irrigation. The town 
is the trade center of a great coal-mining 
and dairying district. 

Montesano (2158) is not only at the 
head of navigation on the Chehalis River 
but also has three railroads. It is sit¬ 
uated in a rich agricultural district. The 
industrial plants include a condensery and 
a creamery, sawmills, and shingle mills. 

Mount Vernon (3341) is located in the 
renowned Skagit Valley and is served by 
the Great Northern Railroad, an electric 





















S. 44 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Fig. S. 56. A view of the harbor and city of Bellingham. This city has become one of the 



line to Bellingham, and river steamers to 
Seattle. Dairying and seed growing are 
the leading industries. Logging opera¬ 
tions are carried on in the forests east 
of the town. 

Pasco (3362) is an important wheat¬ 
shipping point on the Northern Pacific 
Railroad. Since it is situated near the 
junction of the Snake and Columbia rivers, 
it has transportation by boat, also. There 
is a stockyard near by. 

Port Angeles (5351) has grown steadily 
because of its 
timber and pulp 
mills. It has a 
splendid harbor 
on the Juan de 
Fuca Strait, and 
is on the line of 
the Chicago, Mil¬ 
waukee and St. 

Paul Railroad. 

Among its indus¬ 
tries are saw and 
shingle mills, a 
stone quarry, 
and a fish-pack¬ 
ing plant. 

Port Townsend 
(2847), located 


entry and a United States immigration, 
quarantine, and revenue cutter service sta¬ 
tion. The principal industrial plants are 
salmon canneries, a fertilizer factory, and 
saw and wood-working mills. A govern¬ 
ment canal shortens the distance to Seattle. 

Pullman (2440) is situated at the junc¬ 
tion of the Oregon-Washington and North¬ 
ern Pacific railways, and on the Inland 
Empire highway. It is the distributing 
center of a splendid farming country 
which yields heavily in wheat, live stock, 

fruit, and dairy 
products. Al¬ 
most a million 
bushels of wheat 
are shipped each 
year. 

Renton (3301) 
is located at the 
southern end of 
Lake Washing- 
ton, on the 
Northern Pacific 
Railroad, Chi¬ 
cago, Milwaukee 
and St. Paul 
Railroad,and the 
interurban elec¬ 
tric line from 


, ,. , _ Photo. Underwood & Underwood 

at tne entrance Fig. S. 57. The Washington Capitol at Olympia. All citizens of Seattle. It was 

to Puget Sound, Washington will be proud of the magnificent new capitol build- orioinallv a rnal 

& ! mffs which will snnn hrmcp thp ctofa legislature and other U11 & iriclli y coal 


ings which will soon house the state 

departments of our state government. 


mining center, 



















GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 45 



Photo. Asahel Curtis 

important wholesale points of the Northwest, with a large trade in lumber, fish, and canned goods. 


but has lately become more of a manu¬ 
facturing town. Its plants include glass 
and twine factories, car shops, a macaroni 
factory, and a cement mill. 

Roslyn (2673) is a coal-mining town 
located on a branch of the Northern 
Pacific Railroad. The larger part of the in¬ 
habitants are miners of foreign birth. 

Sedro Woolley (3389), situated in the 
Skagit Valley, is served by the electric 
line to Burlington, the Great Northern, 
and the Northern Pacific railroads. It is 
surrounded by good farms. Lumbering, 
dairying, and some mining contribute to 
the city's income. Among its industrial 
plants are steel and iron works, veneer, 
box, and ice factories, and a cannery. The 
state's Northern Hospital for the Insane 
is located here. 

Snohomish (2985) is served by the 
Great Northern, Northern Pacific, and 
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad 
systems. Among the business enterprises 
are two creameries, lumber and shingle 
mills, a cannery, iron works, and a feed 
mill. In the fertile Snohomish Valley sur¬ 
rounding the city there is a great deal of 
dairying, stock raising, general farming, 
and fruit raising. 

Toppenish (3120) is situated in the 
Yakima Indian reservation, on the North¬ 
ern Pacific Railway and the Sunnyside and 
Fort Simcoe and Western branches. The 


principal crops are potatoes, sugar beets,, 
hay, and fruit. Here is one of the 
Utah-Idaho sugar refineries, which has 
a daily capacity of 120 tons of sugar 
and several important by-products. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Draw an outline map of your own county, 
locating on it rivers, lakes, railroads, cities, 
and towns, giving the population of each town 
or city. 2. Where do most of the people of 
the state live? (Fig. S. 52.) 3. List the first 

ten cities of Washington in order of size as 
follows: 


City 

Population 

Transportation 

Important Industries 
and Institutions 




• 


4. How does the state compare with New York 
or Illinois or Iowa in density of population? 5. 
What conditions attract people to the state? 
6. Fill in the following blanks: Washington, 

known as the “. State”, has an 

area of ., is . 

. from north to south, and 

. from east to west. The 

northern boundary is ., the 

southern ., and the . 

The five largest cities in order of 

size are ., ., ., ., and 

. The five leading crops are ., 


1. Arrange in order of population the 
counties and the cities of Washington, and 
work out causes for concentration in each 



















































S. 46 


GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 



Photo. Afahel Curtis 

Fig. S. 58. A portion of the Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton, showing one of the dry docks. 


case. 2. How do Puget Sound ports com¬ 
pare with other United States ports in 
distance from Japan, Russia, and China? 
3. Compare the value of Seattle and Tacoma 
shipping with that of San Francisco, Port¬ 


land, New Orleans, and New York. 4. What 
industrial development is necessary for further 
growth of Puget Sound ports? 5. Name 
the officers in control of your county govern¬ 
ment; of your city government. 



i 














































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


S. 47 


REFERENCE TABLE S. I. 

COUNTIES OF WASHINGTON SHOWING AREA, POPULATION, COUNTY SEAT, MILES OF 

RAILROAD, RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 


County 

Area 

in 

Sq. Mile's 

Population 

County Seat and Population 

Miles 

of 

Railroad 

Adams. 

1,912 

9,623 

Ritzville 

1,900 

197 

Asotin. 

606 

6,539 

Asotin 

852 

None 

Benton. 

1,671 

10,903 

Prosser 

1,697 

237 

Chelan. 

2,900 

20,906 

Wenatchee 

6,324 

162 

Clallam. 

1,726 

11,368 

Port Angeles 

5,351 

62 

Clarke. 

634 

32,805 

Vancouver 

12,637 

122 

Columbia. 

858 

6,093 

Dayton 

2,695 

89 

Cowlitz. 

1,153 

11,791 

Kalama 

1,228 

88 

Douglas. 

1,787 

9,392 

Waterville 

U98, 

905 

Ferry. 

2,220 

5,143 

Republic 

781 

126 

Franklin. 

1,206 

5,877 

Pasco 

3,362 

240 

Garfield:. 

694 

3,875 

Pomeroy 

1,804 

18 

Grant. 

2,720 

7,771 

Ephrata 

628 

247 

Grays Harbor. . 

1,869 

44,745 

Montesano 

2,158 

213 

Island. 

208 

5,489 

Coupeville 

343 

None 

Jefferson....... 

1,805 

6,557 

Port Townsend 

2,847 

41 

King. 

2,111 

389,273 

Seattle 

315,312 

851 

Kitsap. 

371 

33,162 

Port Orchard 

1,393 

None 

Kittitas. 

2,329 

17,737 

Ellensburg 

3,967 

282 

Klickitat. 

1,825 

9,268 

Goldendale 

1,274 

116 

Lewis. 

2,369 

36,840 

Chehalis 

4,558 

236 

Lincoln. 

2,302 

15,141 

Davenport 

1,112 

205 

Mason. 

930 

4,919 

Shelton 

984 

572 

Okanogan ... 

5,221 

17,094 

Okanogan 

1,015 

151 

Pacific. 

895 

14,891 

South Bend 

1,948 

100 

Pend Oreille. . . 

1,361 

6,363 

Newport 

950 

105 

Pierce. 

1,701 

144,127 

Tacoma 

96,965 

502 

San Juan. 

178 

3,605 

Friday Harbor 

522 

None 

Skagit. 

1,774 

33,373 

Mount Vernon 

3,341 

173 

Skamania. 

1,685 

2,357 

Stevenson 

348 

48 

Snohomish. 

2,064 

67,690 

Everett 

27,644 

403 

Spokane. 

1,756 

141,289 

Spokane 

104,437 

548 

Stevens 

2,505 

21,605 

Colville 

1,718 

142 

Thurston. 

709 

22,366 

Olympia 

7,795 

220 

W ahkiakum 

267 

3,472 

Cathlamet 

422 

None 

Walla Walla 

1,265 

27,539 

Walla Walla 

15,503 

324 

Whatcom. 

2,082 

50,600 

Bellingham 

25,585 

187 

Whitman. 

2,108 

31,323 

Colfax 

3,027 

512 

Yakima. 

5,059 

66,836 

63,710 

1,356,621 

Yakima 

18,539 

291 

7,579 


Resources and Industries ; 


Wheat, Stock. 

Wheat, Stock, Timber (Pine). 

Fruit, Stock, General Farming. 

Fruit, General Farming, Stock, 
Water power. 

Timber, Fisheries, Dairy, Cattle. 

Dairying, Fruit, Timber. 

Wheat, Barley, Sheep, Stock. 

Timber, Dairying, Fruit, Fish, 
Water power. 

Wheat, General Farming, Fruit, 
Dairying. 

Mining, Farming, Stock, Timber, 
Water power. 

Wheat, Sheep, Fruit. 

Wheat, Barley, Stock, Fruit. 

Wheat, Fruit, Sheep. 

Timber, Shipbuilding, Fisheries, 
Dairying, Stock. 

Sheep, Dairying, Fish, Fruit. 

Timber, Fish, Dairying, Stock. 

Shipping, Timber, Coal, Dairying, 
Truck, Manufacturing, Shipbuild¬ 
ing, Water power. 

Timber, Dairying, Stock, Poultry, 
Navy Yard. 

Coal, Dairying, Farming, Timber, 
Water power. 

Wheat, Stock (Sheep), Timber, 
Fruit. 

Timber, Dairying, Stock, Farming, 
Coal. 

Wheat, Fruit, Stock. 

Timber, Fisheries (Oyster), Dairying. 

Stock, Fruit, Grain, Timber, Mines. 

Timber, Oysters, Salmon, Dairying, 
Truck. 

Timber, Farming, Stock, Mines, 
Cement. 

Timber, Coal, Dairying, Berry-grow¬ 
ing, Poultry, Manufacturing,Ship¬ 
building, and Water power. 

Fish, Lime, Sheep, Dairying, Fruit. 

Farming, Dairying, Timber, Ce¬ 
ment, Fisheries. 

Timber, Fruit, Fish. 

Timber, Dairying, Fruit, Fisheries, 
Manufacturing. 

Dairying, Fruit, Grain, Water power, 
Manufacturing. 

Mining. Timber, General Farming. 

Timber, Stock, Dairying, Berry¬ 
growing, Oysters, Coal, Sandstone. 

Timber, Fisheries, Dairying. 

Wheat, Grain, Fruit, Stock. 

Timber, Fisheries, Dairying, Farm 
Products. 

Wheat, Stock, Fruit, General Farm¬ 
ing. 

Fruit, Hay, Potatoes, Stock, Manu¬ 
facturing, Dairying. 






























































GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON 


INDEX 


Explanation of Symbols: Geographic and proper names are indexed in black-face type, (Aberdeen); other 
subjects in light-face, (agriculture). Map references are given by italic figures in parentheses, with or without 
location, as (2 B3) or (8). County seats mentioned in the text are shown thus, ^Bellingham. The more important 
discussions of subjects are indicated by black-face figures, as 42. Other references are in light-face figures, as 20. 
Illustrations are shown by italic figures with asterisk, as *10. All references are to page numbers in Washington 
Supplement to Human Geography by J. Russell Smith. 

Key to Pronunciation: ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; right, sin; 
cold, obey, cord, st5p, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; 
good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. 


Aberdeen (&b"er-den'), (2 B3), *10, 20, 

42. 

Adams, Mt., (2 D3), 16. 

Agricultural College, 40. 
agriculture, 31-33. 
alfalfa, 26, 32. 

Anacortes (&n"&-cor'tSs), (2 Cl), 31, 

43. 

apples, *27, 32, 33, *34. 

Astor, John Jacob, 4. 

Auburn (o'burn), (2 C2), 43. 
Bainbridge Island, 5. 

Baker, Mt., (2 Dl), 4, 14, 16. 
barley, 32, 33. 
basalt, 35. 

*Bellingham (bSl'ing-am), (2 Cl), 31, 
39, 40, 41, *44-*45] Bay, (2 Cl), 4. 
“Big Bend,” 12, 25. 

Blue Mountains, ( 8 ), 24, 27. 
Bremerton (brSm'dr-ttin), 1 (2 C2), 37, 
42 *46. 

building stone, 27, 35. 
bulbs, 32. * 

canning industry, 31, 33, *36 , 37, 
41. 

Cascade (k&s-kad') Mountains, (2-3), 
(8), 15, *22; Wet Belt, 10. 
cattle, 27, 28, 34. 

Cedar River, (2 C2), (12), 14. 
cement, 27, 35, 37. 

Central Dry Belt, 10, 24, 26. 
Centralia (sSn-tra'H-d), (2 C3), 23, 42. 
Charleston (ch&rlz'ton), (2 C2), 43. 
*Chehalis (chS-ha'IIs), (2 C3), 23, 40, 
42; River, (2 B3), (12), 14, 20. 
Chelan (chg-l&n) Lake, (3 El), 13, 17. 
Cheney, (3 H2), 40. 

“Chinook” (chi-nook'), 9. 
clams, 30, 31. 
clay products, 27, 35, 37. 
climate, 9-11, 17, 18, 21, 24. 
coal, 21, 26, 34-35, *36. 

Coastal Lowlands, (8), 20; Wet Belt, 

10 . 

Coast Ranges, (8), 19. 

*Colfax (kol'f&ks), (3 H3), 43. 
Columbia (kS-lum'bl-a) Basin Arid 
Belt, 10; -Cowlitz Valley, (2 C3), 
15, 21, 23; Plateau, (8), 24, 26; 
River, (3 E4), (12), 1, 4, 5, 12, *13, 
20, 26, 37. 
condensed milk, 34. 

Cook, Captain James, 1. 
copper, 27, 35. 
corn, 32, 33. 
coulees, 12. 
dairying, *21 , 23, 34. 

Destruction Island, (2 A2), 1. 
Disappointment, Cape, (2 A3), 4. 
Drake, Sir Francis, 1. 
drowned valleys, 20. 
dry farming, 10, 24, 26. 


early explorers, 1. 

Eastern Moist Belt, 11. 

Eastern Washington, 15, 24-28. 

education, 40. 

*Ellensburg (Sl'Snz-burg), (3 E2), 40, 

43. 

Elliott Bay, 5. 

Elwha River, (2 B2), (12), 14. 

*Everett (6v'er-6t), (2 C2), 39, 41. 

“ Evergreen State,” 6. 

exports, 39. 

farmland, improved, 32. 
fisheries, 18, 20, 30. 
fish hatcheries, 31. 

Flattery, Cape, (2 Al), 1. 
flax, 32. 
flour, 36. 

forests, (28), 29-30. 

Fort Nisqually (nls-kwSl'I), 5. 
frost, (II), 21. 
fruit, 23, 26, 32, 33. 
garden truck (see vegetables). 

Glacier Peak, (2 Dl), 14, 16. 
glaciers, work of, 12, 16, 21. 
gold, 27, 35. 
granite, 35. 

Gray, Captain Robert, 4. 

Grays Harbor, (2 A3), 4. 
grazing, 27. 

Green River, (2 C3), (12), 14. 
growing season, 11, 25. 
halibut, 31. 
hay, 23, 32. 

Heceta (h8-se'ta), 1. 
highways (see roads). 
history, 1. 
hogs, 34. 

Hoh River, (2 A2), 1. 
hops, 23, 26, 32, 33. 

Hoquiam (ho'kwl-am), (2 B3), 20. 
horses, 34. 

Hudson’s Bay Company, 4. 

hydroelectric power (see water power). 
Indian reservations, (28). 
industries, 28-40. 
irrigation, (24), 25, *26, 27, *34. 

Juan de Fuca (hwan' de fu'ka) Strait, 
(2 Al), 1, 5, 21. 
lava plateau, 12, 26. 
lead, 27, 35. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 4. 

limestone, 35. 
location, 7. 

lumbering, 5, 18, 20, 26, 29-30. 
magnesite, 27, 35. 
manufacturing, 35-37. 

Meares, John, 1. 
meat packing, 36. 

Medical Lake, (3 H2), 40. 

Methow River, (3 El), 12, 13, 26. 
mining, 27, 34. 

Monroe (mon-ro'), (2 D2), 40. 


*Montesano (m5n"te-sa'no), (2 B3), 
14, 43. 

*Mount Vernon, (2 Cl), 43. 
national parks and monuments, (28). 
natural advantages, 6. 
normal schools, 40. 
oats, 23, 32. 

*Okanogan (o-k&n'o-g&n), (3 FI), 5, 
24; Highlands, (8), 24, 26, 27; 
River, (3 El), 12, 13, 26. 

*01ympia (o-llm'pl-d), (2 C2), 5, 21, 
37, 42, *44. 

Olympic (o-llm'plc) Mountains, 

(2 B2), (8), *1, 10, 19. 

Olympus (o-llm'pus), Mt., (2 B2), 4. 
Oregon Country, 5. 

Orting, (2 C2), 40. 
oysters, 30, 31. 

*Pasco (pa'sko), (3 F3), 44. 
peaches, 32. 
peas, 33. 
petroleum, 35. 
population, *5, 18, (39), 40. 

*Port Angeles, (2 Bl), 44. 

*Port Orchard, (2 C2), 40. 

*Port Townsend (port toun'sSnd), 
(2 Cl), 44. 

potatoes, 23, 26, 32, 33. 
poultry, 23, 34. 

Priest (prest) Rapids, (3 F3), 12. 
Puget (pu'jet) Sound, (2 C2), */, 4, 5, 
23; Basin, (5), 21; Moist Belt, 10, 
21; Trough, 21. 

Pullman (pdol'man), (3 H3), 40, 44. 
Puyallup (pu-y&l'up) River, (2 C2), 
(12), 14. 

Quadra, 1. 

railroads, (2-3), 6, 15, 16, 21, 27, 38. 
rainfall, 9, *10, 18, 20, 21. 24, 26, 28. 
Rainier (ra'ner), Mt., (2 D3), 4, 14, 16. 
Raymond, (2 B3), 20, 42. 

Renton (ren'tfin), (2 C2), 44. 
rivers, 11, (12), 37. 
roads, 5, 16, 21, 27, (28), 38. 

Roslyn (roz-lin), (2 E2), 44. 

St. Helens, Mt., (2 C3), 16. 
salmon, 30, *36. 
sandstone, *35. 

Sanpoil River, (3 Cl), 12. 

*Seattle (se-&t/l), ,(2 C2), */, *4, *5, 
*10, *22, 36, 37 , 39, 40. 

Sedro Woolley, (2 Cl), 44. 
sheep, 27, 28, 34. 
shipbuilding, 37. 
silver, 27, 35. 
size, 7. 

Skagit (sk&g'It) River, (2 Dl), (12), 14. 
Snake River, (3 G3), 12, 26. 
Snohomish (sno-ho'mish), (2 C2), 44. 
Snoqualmie (sno-kwbl'me) Falls, *14; 

Pass, 6. 
soils, 19, 25. 


(S. 48) 









GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON S. 49 


‘South Bend, (2 B3), 20. 

*Spokane (spo-kan'), (3 H2), *10, 24, 
25, 36, 41, *42-*43) River, (3 G2), 
(12), 13, *14, 26. 
state parks, (28). 
steamship lines, 38. 

Steilacoom (ste'la-cobm), (2 C2), 40. 
stock-raising, 34. 
sugar beets, 26, 32, 33. 
surface, 8, *I8-*I9. 

*Tacoma (t&-ko'md), (2 C2), *6, *7. 

35, 36, 37, 39, *40, 41. 
tanning, 30. 

Tatoosh (tS-toosh') Island, (2 Al), *10. 
temperature, (10), 11, 18, 21, 24. 
Toppenish, (3 E3), 44. 
trade, 39. 

transportation and commerce, 37-40. 


Tukwila (tuk-we'la), 35. 

Tumwater (tum'wo-ter) Falls, 5. 
Union Lake, *22, 23 , 37. 

United States Exploring Expedition, 
5. 

University of Washington, 31, 40. 
^Vancouver (v&n-kbo'ver), (2 C4), 5, 
23, 40, 42. 

Vancouver, Captain George, 4. 

vegetables, 23, 26, 32, 33. 
volcanoes, 16. 

* Walla Walla (wSl'la wol'la), (3 G3), 
5, *10, 24, 25, *31, 40, 42. 
walnuts, 32. 

Washington (wosh'ing-tun), (2-3); 
Lake, (2 C2), *22, 23 , 27; Territory, 
5; state flower, 29; see Table of 
Contents. 


water power, (12), 13, 14, 15, 21, 26. 
water resources, 11. 

*Wenatchee (we-n&ch'e), (3 E2), 12, 
24, 42; River, (3 E2), (12), 13, 
26. 

Western Washington, 15, 18-24. 
wheat, 25, 27, *31, 32, *33. 

Whidbey (hwid'bi) Island, (2 Cl), 4. 
White River, (2 D2), (12), 14. 
Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 5. 

Wilkes, Charles, 5. 

Willapa Hills, (8), 19, 20; River, 
(2 B3), 14. 
winds, 9. 

*Yakima (y&k'l-md), (3 E3), 42; 

River, (3 E3), (12), 13, 24, 26. 

































































LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


































